Gut microbiota-modulating agents in alcoholic liver disease: Links between host metabolism and gut microbiota

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves a wide spectrum of diseases, including asymptomatic hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which leads to morbidity and mortality and is responsible for 0.9% of global deaths. Alcohol consumption induces bacterial translocation and alteration of the gut microbiota composition. These changes in gut microbiota aggravate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Alteration of the gut microbiota leads to a weakened gut barrier and changes host immunity and metabolic function, especially related to bile acid metabolism. Modulation and treatment for the gut microbiota in ALD has been studied using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation with meaningful results. In this review, we focused on the interaction between alcohol and gut dysbiosis in ALD. Additionally, treatment approaches for gut dysbiosis, such as abstinence, diet, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, are covered here under ALD. However, further research through human clinical trials is warranted to evaluate the appropriate gut microbiota-modulating agents for each condition related to ALD.

The Role of the Gut Microbiome and the Hepatic Axis in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome and Therapeutics

“…This is because in heavy drinkers, the greatest burden of injury is experienced by the liver as it is the main location of ethanol metabolism. The clinical spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) includes alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis (Laennec's cirrhosis), and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma [81]. The pathomechanism of ALD involves complex interactions between the direct effects of alcohol and its toxic metabolites on various liver cells; however, there is solid proof of a causative link between the gut-liver axis to not only the progression of alcohol-induced liver disease but also to infections in ALD cirrhotic patients, both in patients and in experimental animal models [82].…”

Alcolic liver disease: what’s new in the current decade?

“…Наибольшее число публикаций в последние годы посвящено участию и роли в патогенез алкоголь-ассоциированных заболеваний печени оси «кишечник-печень» [54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

“…В обзоре южнокорейских ученых [58] отмечается, что изменения в микробиоте кишечника усугубляют воспаление печени и фиброз. Изменение микробиоты кишечника приводит к ослаблению кишечного барьера, повышению его проницаемости, и изменяет иммунитет хозяина и метаболическую функцию, особенно связанную с метаболизмом желчных кислот.…”

An ensemble ofGleditsia sinensis Lam. and gut microbiota against alcoholic liver disease

“…Most recently, gut microbiota (GM) treatment come into spotlight as another therapeutic resource to enable to provide beneficial efficacy for fatty liver disease (FLD) patients [15] . In prior studies, various metabolites produced by GM might be mediators to alleviate FLD, for instance, by modulating the pharmacological mode(s) associated with immune response [16,17] .…”