Gut microbiota–mitochondrial inter-talk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a progressive disease, has exerted huge a healthcare burden worldwide. New investigations have suggested that the gut microbiota closely participates in the progression of NAFLD through the gut–liver axis or gut–brain–liver axis. The composition of the microbiota can be altered by multiple factors, primarily dietary style, nutritional supplements, or exercise. Recent evidence has revealed that gut microbiota is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in the liver by regulating crucial transcription factors, enzymes, or genes. Moreover, microbiota metabolites can also affect mitochondrial oxidative stress function and swallow formation, subsequently controlling the inflammatory response and regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are the predominant regulators of NAFLD. This review focuses on the changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolites as well as the cross-talk between gut microbiota and mitochondrial function. We thus aim to comprehensively explore the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota in NAFLD and potential therapeutic strategies targeting NAFLD management.

Ginsenoside Rg5 Activates the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Modifies the Gut Microbiota to Alleviate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by a High-Fat Diet

“…Research indicates that alterations in the gut microbiota environment play crucial roles in the onset and progression of NAFLD. Both beneficial and detrimental gut metabolites are directly transported to the liver via the portal vein, contributing to a range of biological processes, encompassing energy production, detoxification, and synthesis [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. In this study, we scrutinized the regulatory influence of Rg 5 intervention on the gastrointestinal flora of NAFLD mice.…”

Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-diet-fed rats

“…Studies have shown that there is a close link between the inflammatory response and the gut microbiota ( Jiang et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Altered gut microbiota can mitigate or promote inflammatory processes ( Jiang et al, 2020 ; Pan et al, 2022 ).…”

The Metabolic Impact of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Cognitive Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Clinical and Pathophysiological Review

“…Hence, high fat/high sugar diet, drugs, and microbiota products, such as fatty acids and bile acids, can concur to generate microbiota imbalance, altering the vagal–gut pathway and the liver’s glycolipid homeostasis, promoting gut inflammation, compromising intestinal permeability, and, therefore, contribute to NAFLD development. According to this pathogenetic model, a possible interaction between microbiota and mitochondria activity has been described since microbiota dysbiosis could dysregulate the mitochondria’s consumption of fatty acids and bile acids, the primary substrate for energy production and biogenesis [ 56 , 120 ]. Thus, this process may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction with consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and increased hepatic oxidative stress.…”