Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals and Correlation with Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein1 and Interferon Gamma from Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Chennai, India

Abstract

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are associated with changes in gut microbiota and characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) are proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the development of T2DM. We undertook this study to analyze the gut microbiota of T2DM and nondiabetic subjects and to determine the profile of MCP 1 and IFNγ in the same subjects attending a tertiary care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.Methods:The study included 30 subjects with clinical details. Stool and blood samples were collected from all the subjects. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and polymerase chain reaction was done using fusion primers. Metagenomic analysis was performed using ion torrent sequencing. The reads obtained were in FASTA format and reported as operational taxonomic units. Human MCP 1 and IFNγ enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for 23 serum samples.Results:The study consisted of 30 subjects; 17 were T2DM and 13 were nondiabetics. The gut microbiota among T2DM consisted predominantly of Gram negative bacteria; Escherichia and Prevotella, when compared with the nondiabetic group with predominantly Gram positive organisms suchas Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium. The mean MCP-1 values in the diabetic group were 232.8 pg/ml and in the nondiabetic group 170.84 pg/ml. IFNγ (mean 385.5 pg/ml) was raised in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group of 6.5–7.5% which was statistically significant. Association of Escherichia with T2DM and association of Bifidobacteria in the nondiabetics were also statistically significant.Conclusion:Escherichia counts were elevated in T2DM with HbA1c of 6.5–8.5% which was statistically significant suggesting that lipopolysaccharides present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria may be responsible for low-grade inflammation as evidenced by elevated MCP-1 and IFNγ levels in T2DM with the same HbA1c levels.

A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt Prevents Diabetes by Improving the Microbiome–Intestine–Pancreas Axis

“…We also found that the control yogurt itself had a higher content of Enterobacteriaceae , suggesting why these bacteria were enriched in the gut of control yogurt-fed T2D mice. An increased abundance of Gram-negative bacteria is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes [ 40 , 41 ]. This might be because the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is a rich source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is highly inflammatory [ 42 ].…”

Analysis of gut microbiota of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals

“…Previous studies on healthy individuals in the Pakistani population reported that the microbiome of Pakistani individuals is more similar to that of people from Western countries as compared to that of the Indian population [27,30]. Moreover, the microbiomes of obese-T2DM individuals in the Pakistani population revealed an altered composition with an increased abundance of Firmicutes (55.7%), whereas Proteobacteria (58.8%) is reported to dominate the gut microbial diversity of obese-T2DM individuals from India [31]. Furthermore, at the generic level, Prevotella _9 and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes demonstrated a declining trend in the obese-T2DM Pakistani individuals compared to those from India [31].…”

“…Moreover, the microbiomes of obese-T2DM individuals in the Pakistani population revealed an altered composition with an increased abundance of Firmicutes (55.7%), whereas Proteobacteria (58.8%) is reported to dominate the gut microbial diversity of obese-T2DM individuals from India [31]. Furthermore, at the generic level, Prevotella _9 and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes demonstrated a declining trend in the obese-T2DM Pakistani individuals compared to those from India [31]. This study sets a benchmark for the comparative analysis of obese-T2DM and healthy metagenomic samples in the Pakistani population.…”

Moderation effects of food intake on the relationship between urinary microbiota and urinary interleukin-8 in female type 2 diabetic patients

“…During the last decade, evidence has accumulated to support a role for the microbiota, including the bacterial communities in the gut and oral cavity, in T2DM patients (Navab-Moghadam et al, 2017;Larsen et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2018). Not only do T2DM patients have a different microbiota profile from healthy subjects, but alterations in the microbiota are also responsible for immune responses, such as the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Xiao et al, 2017;Pushpanathan et al, 2016). Both human and animal studies have shown that diet contributes to the composition of the gut microbiota (Egshatyan et al, 2014;Wen & Duffy, 2017), and a gut microbiota signature that promotes intestinal inflammation may exist, thereby promoting the development of T2DM (Wen & Duffy, 2017).…”