Gut microbiota associated with HIV infection is significantly enriched in bacteria tolerant to oxygen

Abstract

ObjectivesGut microbiota modifications occurring during HIV infection have recently been associated with inflammation and microbial translocation. However, discrepancies between studies justified a comprehensive analysis performed on a large sample size.Design and methodsIn a case–control study, next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to the faecal microbiota of 31 HIV-infected patients, of whom 18 were treated with antiretroviral treatment (ART), compared with 27 healthy controls. 21 sera samples from HIV-infected patients and 7 sera samples from control participants were used to test the presence of 25 markers of inflammation and/or immune activation.ResultsDiversity was significantly reduced in HIV individuals when compared with controls and was not restored in the ART group. The relative abundance of several members of Ruminococcaceae such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was critically less abundant in the HIV-infected group and inversely correlated with inflammation/immune activation markers. Members of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were found to be enriched and positively correlated with these markers. There were significantly more aerotolerant species enriched in HIV samples (42/52 species, 80.8%) when compared with the control group (14/87 species, 16.1%; χ2 test, p<10−5, conditional maximum-likelihood estimate (CMLE) OR=21.9).ConclusionsImbalance between aerobic and anaerobic flora observed in HIV faecal microbiota could be a consequence of the gut impairment classically observed in HIV infection via the production of oxygen. Overgrowth of proinflammatory aerobic species during HIV infection raises the question of antioxidant supplementation, such as vitamin C, E or N-acetylcysteine.

Altered gut microbiota correlate with different immune response to HAART in HIV-infected individual

“…Our result is consistent with most of published studies which reported Proteobacteria were more abundant in HIVinfected individuals although others reported no change [10,11,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. The phylum Fusobacteria (most driven by its constituent genus Fusobacterium) which was reported associated with intestinal in ammation [31,32] and enriched in HIV-infected individuals in some studies [26,30,33,34]. Here, we found Fusobacterium enriched in IR and INR group.…”

“…The phylum Bacteroidetes which include the families Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Rikenellaceae, exhibited a more heterogeneous pattern of changes in HIVinfected individuals [10,11,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][33][34][35][36][37]. The family Bacteroidaceae (mostly driven by the abundance of the genus Bacteroides) is generally considered to play an anti-in ammatory role [38][39][40][41], were depleted in IR and INR group.…”

Altered gut microbiota correlate with different immune response to HAART in HIV-infected individuals

“…Taxa from bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes have been reported different between HIV positive and negative individuals in studies. Our result was consistent with most of published studies which reported that Proteobacteria were more abundant in HIV-infected individuals although others reported no change [8,[10][11][12][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The family Enterobacteriaceae has been reported positively associated with markers of monocyte activation (sCD14), in ammation and colonic T cell activation and inversely correlated with blood CD4+ T cell counts [30,32,34].…”

Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis

“…Oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is thus closely linked to dysbiosis during IBD and non-IBD gut disorders and might be an important therapeutic target. 6,7 Another key contributor to dysbiosis and mucosal barrier impairment during IBD is a deficiency in the secretion of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) such as defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins resulting notably from Paneth cell dysfunction. 8 This enteric arsenal forms part of innate immunity, contributing to a balanced clearance of pathogens and tolerance of commensal microbes in the gut.…”