Gut Microbiota and Inflammation

Abstract

Systemic and local inflammation in relation to the resident microbiota of the human gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and administration of probiotics are the main themes of the present review. The dominating taxa of the human GI tract and their potential for aggravating or suppressing inflammation are described. The review focuses on human trials with probiotics and does not include in vitro studies and animal experimental models. The applications of probiotics considered are systemic immune-modulation, the metabolic syndrome, liver injury, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and radiation-induced enteritis. When the major genomic differences between different types of probiotics are taken into account, it is to be expected that the human body can respond differently to the different species and strains of probiotics. This fact is often neglected in discussions of the outcome of clinical trials with probiotics.

Gut Microbiota, Inflammation and Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Puzzle with a Solution in Sight

“…The results of this study indicate that future trials with targeted prebiotics and probiotics should aim at enhancing cognition through modulation of these microbiome components. 3,11 There were no significant differences in the fecal microbiome families between the HE and no HE groups except a significantly higher abundance of Veillonellaceae in the HE group. Also, lactulose withdrawal did not change the microbiome significantly except for reduction in Faecalibacterium sp.…”

“…release of bacterial endotoxins in circulation, mainly consisting of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), flagellin, peptidoglycan, and microbial nucleic acids. 3,4 They are also termed as 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)'. Endotoxemia initiates liver damage through its interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are specific recognition receptors exhibiting a direct relationship between intestinal flora changes, endotoxemia and liver damage leading to the activation of immune response and regulation of inflammation.…”

Effect of Probiotic Administration on Acute Inflammatory Pain

“…Scientists have illustrated that probiotics reduced proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukins-1β, 2, 6, 12, and 17, interferon-γ, and TNF-α), and increased regulatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β) reduced serum TNF-α levels significantly during acute inflammation in the CFA + Pb2 group compared to the CFA + Indo group; results were expressed as mean ± SEM and n = 6 / group; P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.001: Comparing the changes of serum TNF-α levels between the CFA and CFA + Pb2 groups during different days of the study; ## P ≤ 0.01 and ### P ≤ 0.001: Comparing the changes of serum TNF-α levels between the CFA and CFA + Indo groups during different days of the study; P < 0.05: comparing the changes of serum TNF-α levels between the CFA + Indo and CFA + Pb2 (1/500) groups during different days of the study. (8,19).…”

“…Probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, can inhibit the growth of many types of pathological cells and may also have more direct effects on the immune system. Probiotics have immune regulatory properties and can modify the function (proliferation, activation and effective performance) of a wide variety of immune cells including B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines production and modulating the intracellular signaling pathways including NF-κB (4,8).…”

Gut–Liver Axis: Role of Inflammasomes

“…They perform three key functions, namely phagocytosis and destruction of infectious agents, antigen presentation and immune modulation, and initiating the release of various cytokines and growth factors. [2][3][4] Two types of macrophages have been described. M1 macrophages or immune effector cells engulf and digest damaged cells.…”