Gut microbiome in endometriosis: a cohort study on 1,000 individuals

Abstract

Background Endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterus, is one of the most prevalent gynecological disorders. Although different theories have been proposed, its pathogenesis is not clear. Novel studies indicate that the gut microbiome may be involved in the etiology of endometriosis, nevertheless, the connection between microbes, their dysbiosis and the development of endometriosis is understudied. This case-control study analyzed the gut microbiome in women with and without endometriosis to identify microbial targets involved in the disease. Methods A subsample of 1,000 women from the Estonian Microbiome cohort, including 136 women with endometriosis and 864 control women, was analyzed. Microbial composition was determined by shotgun metagenomics and microbial functional pathways were annotated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Partitioning around medoids (PAM) algorithm was performed to cluster the microbial profile of the Estonian population. The alpha- and beta-diversity and differential abundance analyses were performed to assess the gut microbiome (species and KEGG orthologies [KO]) in both groups. Metagenomic reads were mapped to estrobolome-related enzymes’ sequences to study potential microbiome-estrogen metabolism axis alterations in endometriosis. Results Diversity analyses did not detect significant differences between women with and without endometriosis (Alpha-diversity: all p-values > 0.05; Beta-diversity: PERMANOVA, both R2 < 0.0007, p-values > 0.05). No differential species or pathways were detected after multiple testing adjustment (all FDR p-values > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis excluding women at menopause (> 50 years) confirmed our results. Estrobolome-associated enzymes’ sequences reads were not significantly different between groups (all FDR p-values > 0.05). Conclusions Our findings do not provide enough evidence to support the existence of a gut microbiome-dependent mechanism directly implicated in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest metagenome study on endometriosis conducted to date.