Gut health immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of gut enzyme digested high protein micro-nutrient dietary supplement-Enprocal

Abstract

BackgroundEnprocal is a high-protein micro-nutrient rich formulated supplementary food designed to meet the nutritional needs of the frail elderly and be delivered to them in every day foods. We studied the potential of Enprocal to improve gut and immune health using simple and robust bioassays for gut cell proliferation, intestinal integrity/permeability, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Effects of Enprocal were compared with whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC), heat treated skim milk powder, and other commercially available milk derived products.ResultsEnprocal (undigested) and digested (Enprocal D) selectively enhanced cell proliferation in normal human intestinal epithelial cells (FHs74-Int) and showed no cytotoxicity. In a dose dependent manner Enprocal induced cell death in Caco-2 cells (human colon adencarcinoma epithelial cells). Digested Enprocal (Enprocal D: gut enzyme cocktail treated) maintained the intestinal integrity in transepithelial resistance (TEER) assay, increased the permeability of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and did not induce oxidative stress to the gut epithelial cells. Enprocal D upregulated the surface expression of co-stimulatory (CD40, CD86, CD80), MHC I and MHC II molecules on PMA differentiated THP-1 macrophages in coculture transwell model, and inhibited the monocyte/lymphocyte (THP-1/Jurkat E6-1 cells)-epithelial cell adhesion. In cytokine secretion analyses, Enprocal D down-regulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and up-regulated IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10.ConclusionOur results indicate that Enprocal creates neither oxidative injury nor cytotoxicity, stimulates normal gut cell proliferation, up regulates immune cell activation markers and may aid in the production of antibodies. Furthermore, through downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, Enprocal appears to be beneficial in reducing the effects of chronic gut inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Stimulation of normal human fetal intestinal cell proliferation without cell cytotoxicity indicates it may also be given as infant food particularly for premature babies.

Biodegradable Eri silk nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for bovine lactoferrin against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells

“…Quick renal clearance is one of the major hurdles faced while using these molecules in humans and rodents. 30,36 Considering its anti-cancer properties, natural availability, and its immunemodulation and immune-enhancing capacities, bLf is one of the ideal proteins that can be used to achieve maximum anti-cancer effects, without causing any toxicity to surrounding normal cells and tissues. Various studies on bLf, a natural milk protein, have proved its anti-cancer effects and lack of toxicity to normal cells.…”

“…Fe-bLf and Apo-bLf were loaded on the silk NPs with 10% w/w ratio, as determined by a previous study done in our laboratory. 30 The mixture (silk NPs + Fe-bLf or silk NPs + Apo-bLf) was incubated for 48 hours with slow stirring (30 rpm) at 4°C. After 48 hours, the samples were collected and centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 20 minutes.…”

Innate Immune Responses in the Geriatric Population

“…The ingredients of Enprocal are dairy-based proteins (Whey protein concentrate, skim milk powder, whole milk powder), vitamins and minerals (calcium, zinc, vitamins C, D, B and A), vegetable oils and inulin. An in vitro study suggested that Enprocal displays some immunomodulatory properties on immune cells (Kanwar & Kanwar, 2009). Lactoferrine has also important immune modulator protein.…”

“…One of the most intriguing evidences about the role of CD57+ T lymphocytes in cancer comes from the fact that metastasis-free regional lymph nodes draining different human epithelial tumors present a reduction in almost all immune cells, except CD57+ lymphocytes (Kanwar & Kanwar, 2009). CD8+CD28-CD57+ T lymphocyte clones may be the result of persistent stimulation by tumor-associated antigens, combined with a reduced cellular death rate secondary to reduced expression of the apoptosis-related molecule CD95.…”

Competitive inhibition of survivin using a cell-permeable recombinant protein induces cancer-specific apoptosis in colon cancer model

“…The TEER protocol was followed from our previous study. 32 The ex vivo loop assay was performed by injecting rhodamine-labeled nanoparticles in rat intestinal loops (detailed methodology is described in the "Supplementary materials" section).…”