Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents  and Rabbits

Xiao, Jin; Metzler‐Zebeli, Barbara U.; Zebeli, Qendrim

doi:10.3390/nu7105397

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids have a trophic effect on epithelial cells in the large intestine (Scheppach ), and butyric acid is thought to be a major energy source for epithelial cell proliferation (Flint and others ). These facts could account for the increase in the weight of cecum tissues in rats fed RAF and FOS (Xiao and others ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dietary Casein and Soy Protein Isolate Modulate the Effects of Raffinose and Fructooligosaccharides on the Composition and Fermentation of Gut Microbiota in Rats

Bai¹,

Tsuruta³

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Science

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Although diet has an important influence on the composition of gut microbiota, the impact of dietary protein sources has only been studied to a minor extent. In this study, we examined the influence of different dietary protein sources regarding the effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota. Thirty female rats were fed casein and soy protein isolate with cellulose, raffinose (RAF), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Microbiota composition was examined by real-time qPCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Dietary protein source affected cecum microbiota; acetic acid concentration and Lactobacillus spp. populations were greater with soy protein than with casein. Prebiotic oligosaccharides had distinctive effects on gut microbiota; RAF increased the acetic acid concentration and Bifidobacterium spp. populations, and FOS increased the butyric acid concentration regardless of the dietary protein. Likewise, Bifidobacterium sp., Collinsella sp., and Lactobacillus sp. were detected in microbiota of the rats fed RAF, and Bacteroides sp., Roseburia sp., and Blautia sp. were seen in microbiota of the rats fed FOS. Interactions between dietary proteins and prebiotic oligosaccharides were observed with Clostridium perfringens group populations and cecum IgA concentration. RAF and FOS decreased C. perfringens group populations in casein-fed rats, and the combination of soy protein and RAF substantially increased cecum IgA concentration. These results indicate that dietary proteins can differentially modulate the effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on gut fermentation and microbiota, depending on the type of carbohydrate polymers involved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dietary Casein and Soy Protein Isolate Modulate the Effects of Raffinose and Fructooligosaccharides on the Composition and Fermentation of Gut Microbiota in Rats

Bai¹,

Tsuruta³

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Science

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“…Both alditols induced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS independently of their absorptive pathway, indicating that dietary restriction of the alditols may be efficacious. Xiao et al [14] emphasized the health-enhancing properties of so-called indigestible sugars which include a large assembly of simple and complex dietary carbohydrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and certain alditols and disaccharide polyols. d -Glucitol, erythritol, and xylitol were presented as health-enhancing substances.…”

Section: The Pivotal Role Of D-glucitol and D-mannitolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, dentists, physicians, and other health-care workers should be made to understand where to focus their attention when communicating with patients, detecting false opinions and misconceptions about diarrhea, flatulence, IBS, and constipation, and correcting them on the basis of scientific evidence and long-term clinical experience. Tuck et al [12], Xiao et al [14], and other authors have provided information on the gut function-enhancing effects of “indigestible sugars” (i.e., sugar alcohols and certain oligosaccharides) [3, 5, 6, 15–21]. These aspects are represented in this review by older German publications [3, 19] and those from the former Soviet Union [13] ( vide infra ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The driving force behind free diffusion of xylitol is the direction of the concentration gradient between the intestinal lumen and the outside compartment [1, 3, 4, 8–14, 19]. These papers have concluded, among other things, that in case facilitated diffusion of xylitol is involved, the transport system must exert very low affinity to xylitol.…”

Section: Physicochemical Considerations and Introduction Of The Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastrointestinal Disturbances Associated with the Consumption of Sugar Alcohols with Special Consideration of Xylitol: Scientific Review and Instructions for Dentists and Other Health-Care Professionals

Mäkinen

2016

International Journal of Dentistry

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Sugar alcohols (polyols) are used in food manufacturing and in medical tests and examinations. d-Glucitol (sorbitol) and d-mannitol were previously the most common alditols used for these purposes. After the 1960s, xylitol became a common ingredient in noncariogenic confectioneries, oral hygiene products, and diabetic food. Erythritol, a polyol of the tetritol type, can be regarded as the sweetener of the “next generation.” The disaccharide polyols maltitol, lactitol, and isomalt have also been used in food manufacturing and in medical tests. Consumption of pentitol- and hexitol-type polyols and disaccharide polyols may cause gastrointestinal disturbances at least in unaccustomed subjects. The occurrence of disturbances depends on consumer properties and on the molecular size and configuration of the polyol molecule. Adaptation may take place as a result of enzyme induction in the intestinal flora. Some of the literature on xylitol has been difficult to access by health-care professionals and will be reviewed here. Research and clinical field experience have found no pathology in polyol-associated osmotic diarrhea—the intestinal mucosa having normal basic structure, except in extreme instances. Xylitol is better tolerated than hexitols or the disaccharide polyols. Erythritol, owing to its smaller molecular weight and configuration that differ from other alditols, normally avoids the gastrointestinal reactions encountered with other polyols. This review will also touch upon the FODMAPs diet concept.

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“…As hindgut fermenters, rodents and rabbits comprise either a large cecum or colon, where food undergoing digestion is retained, mixed and fermented by microbes [23]. Undigested materials in the caecum are a potential source for intestinal bacteria to produce SCFAs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal short-chain fatty acids at different time points after ceftriaxone administration in rats

Holota¹,

Holubenko²,

Остапчук³

et al. 2017

Ukr.Biochem.J.

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) T he interchange of low molecular weight metabolites between gut microorganisms and macroorganism have attracted a lot of attention during last years [1][2][3]. The gut microbiota affects predominantly host physiology by the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are saturated aliphatic organic acids that consist of one to six carbons of which acetate (C2), propionate (C3), and butyrate (C4) are most abundant (≥95%). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool [4]. Depending on the diet, the total maximum concentration of SCFAs decreases from 70 to 140 mM in the proximal colon from 20 to 70 mM in the distal colon [5].These metabolites, especially butyrate, serve as an important source of energy for the intestinal epithelial cells, providing about 60-70% of their ener gy demand. Colonocytes from germ-free mice are in an energy-deprived state and exhibit decreased expression of enzymes that catalyze key steps in intermediary metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Consequently, there is a marked decrease in NADH/NAD + , oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP levels, that results in AMP-activated protein kinase activation, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B phosphorylation and autophagy. When butyrate is added to germ-free colonocytes, it rescues their deficit in mitochondrial respiration and prevents them from undergoing autophagy [6].

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Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits

Cited by 21 publications

References 150 publications

Dietary Casein and Soy Protein Isolate Modulate the Effects of Raffinose and Fructooligosaccharides on the Composition and Fermentation of Gut Microbiota in Rats

Dietary Casein and Soy Protein Isolate Modulate the Effects of Raffinose and Fructooligosaccharides on the Composition and Fermentation of Gut Microbiota in Rats

Gastrointestinal Disturbances Associated with the Consumption of Sugar Alcohols with Special Consideration of Xylitol: Scientific Review and Instructions for Dentists and Other Health-Care Professionals

Fecal short-chain fatty acids at different time points after ceftriaxone administration in rats

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