Gut feelings of safety: tolerance to the microbiota mediated by innate immune receptors

Świątczak, Bartłomiej; Cohen, Irun R.

doi:10.1111/1348-0421.12318

Cited by 43 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…It is recognized that the host immune system promotes the residence of commensal bacteria in healthy animals (Swiatczak & Cohen, ). In this study, the expression of TLR2, TLR5, and MyD88 was increased, but the expression of IL‐1β and IFN‐γ was decreased by the butyrate infusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintaining stability of the rumen ecosystem is associated with changes of microbial composition and epithelial TLR signaling

et al. 2017

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We used the goat as a model to study the effects of rumen microbial composition and epithelial TLR signaling on maintaining rumen stability during exogenous butyrate interference. Six cannulated goats received a rapid intraruminal infusion of 0.1 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer with (BT, n = 3) or without (CO, n = 3) 0.3 g/kg·BW·day sodium butyrate for 28 days. The ruminal pH and the concentration of total SCFA were not affected by the interference. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed a change in microbial composition after the butyrate infusion. LEfSe analysis showed a shift of the biomarker species from butyrate‐producing bacteria to acetate‐and propionate‐producing bacteria. Quantitative PCR‐based comparisons showed that significant increases in TLR2, TLR5, and MyD88 expression were accompanied by a significant decrease in IL‐1β and IFN‐γ expression in the ruminal epithelium. Constrained correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Roseburia was positively correlated with the expression of TLR5. Taken together, our study shows that microbial composition plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the microbial ecosystem in rumen, and indicates that the microbe‐TLR‐cytokine axis was involved in maintaining the stability of the gastrointestinal ecosystem.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintaining stability of the rumen ecosystem is associated with changes of microbial composition and epithelial TLR signaling

et al. 2017

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“…The guts and the gut immune systems of mammals, for example, are equipped with receptors that accommodate symbiotic microbiota and distinguish them from microbial pathogens 37 ; indeed, the tolerance of the immune system towards symbiotic microbiota highlights the impossibility of defining an immutable “immune self” – the “self” is an interactive process rather than a closed entity 24, 38 ; in fact, the individual immune system is an ecosystem of interacting cells 39 . Struggles between predators and prey are organized by sight, smell and taste receptors that mark what should be hunted and eaten by the predators and avoided by the prey: mice and cats, for example, innately recognize one another; zebras and lions signal each other clearly to establish a stable equilibrium between hunters and hunted 40 .…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Entropic Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updating Darwin: Information and entropy drive the evolution of life

Cohen

2016

F1000Res

Self Cite

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The evolution of species, according to Darwin, is driven by struggle – by competition between variant autonomous individuals for survival of the fittest and reproductive advantage; the outcome of this struggle for survival is natural selection. The Neo-Darwinians reframed natural selection in terms of DNA: inherited genotypes directly encode expressed phenotypes; a fit phenotype means a fit genotype – thus the evolution of species is the evolution of selfish, reproducing individual genotypes. Four general characteristics of advanced forms of life are not easily explained by this Neo-Darwinian paradigm: 1) Dependence on cooperation rather than on struggle, manifested by the microbiome, ecosystems and altruism; 2) The pursuit of diversity rather than optimal fitness, manifested by sexual reproduction; 3) Life’s investment in programmed death, rather then in open-ended survival; and 4) The acceleration of complexity, despite its intrinsic fragility. Here I discuss two mechanisms that can resolve these paradoxical features; both mechanisms arise from viewing life as the evolution of information. Information has two inevitable outcomes; it increases by autocatalyis and it is destroyed by entropy. On the one hand, the autocalalysis of information inexorably drives the evolution of complexity, irrespective of its fragility. On the other hand, only those strategic arrangements that accommodate the destructive forces of entropy survive – cooperation, diversification, and programmed death result from the entropic selection of evolving species. Physical principles of information and entropy thus fashion the evolution of life.

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“…Preliminary studies also indicated that infections with C. suis alter the succession of bacterial communities in neonatal pig gut, delaying the establishment of lactobacilli (as reviewed in [37]). As interactions between microbiota and the immune system are key to the development of a functional immune system [40] such events may have lasting effects on the development of intestinal and immune functions. As such alterations have been described for other intestinal parasitic infections [21], a role of intestinal parasitic infections in gut health should be re-evaluated in pigs, too.…”

Section: Background - Vaccines Against Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against parasites – status quo and the way forward

Joachim

2016

Porc Health Manag

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Although vaccination against various pathogens is integral to health management of swine, vaccines against parasites have not yet been commercialized for the use in pigs. The incentive to develop and commercialize anti-parasitic vaccines in swine are twofold; on the one hand parasitic diseases which are economically important, such as ascarosis and neonatal coccidiosis, could be controlled in a sustainable manner; on the other hand, the transmission of zoonotic parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii or Cysticercus cellulosae, could be effectively interrupted. Although experimental research indicates that vaccination against a number of porcine parasites is feasible, development and commercialization of potential vaccines so far has been very slow, as our knowledge on the host-parasite interplay in porcine parasitic infections is still very limited. In the light of growing concerns regarding consumer health and antiparasitic drug resistance, however, it is timely to re-direct R&D efforts to the development of biological control options.

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Gut feelings of safety: tolerance to the microbiota mediated by innate immune receptors

Cited by 43 publications

References 127 publications

Maintaining stability of the rumen ecosystem is associated with changes of microbial composition and epithelial TLR signaling

Maintaining stability of the rumen ecosystem is associated with changes of microbial composition and epithelial TLR signaling

Updating Darwin: Information and entropy drive the evolution of life

Vaccination against parasites – status quo and the way forward

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