2015
DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00803k
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Gut feedback mechanisms and food intake: a physiological approach to slow carbohydrate bioavailability

Abstract: Glycemic carbohydrates in foods are an important macronutrient providing the biological fuel of glucose for a variety of physiological processes. A classification of glycemic carbohydrates into rapidly digestible carbohydrate (RDC) and slowly digestible carbohydrate (SDC) has been used to specify their nutritional quality related to glucose homeostasis that is essential to normal functioning of the brain and critical to life. Although there have been many studies and reviews on slowly digestible starch (SDS) a… Show more

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Cited by 45 publications
(14 citation statements)
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References 179 publications
(300 reference statements)
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“…The ileal brake is a term describing a specific status of gastrointestinal activity (such as slow contraction, secretion inhibition) resulting from undigested nutrients reaching the ileum under normal physiological conditions, and it is defined as ‘the primary inhibitory feedback mechanism to control transit of a meal through the gastrointestinal tract in order to optimize nutrient digestion and absorption.’” Maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose all display a fairly strong ileal brake effect on the activity of the brush border enzyme, maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM). This substrate brake effect suggests that the total digestion rate of carbohydrate by MGAM can be regulated, and carbohydrate with certain molecular structures (e.g., Mylose 351 or Glucodry 314) might be used to modulate carbohydrate digestion to achieve the desired rate of glucose release (Zhang et al 2015).…”
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confidence: 99%
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“…The ileal brake is a term describing a specific status of gastrointestinal activity (such as slow contraction, secretion inhibition) resulting from undigested nutrients reaching the ileum under normal physiological conditions, and it is defined as ‘the primary inhibitory feedback mechanism to control transit of a meal through the gastrointestinal tract in order to optimize nutrient digestion and absorption.’” Maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose all display a fairly strong ileal brake effect on the activity of the brush border enzyme, maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM). This substrate brake effect suggests that the total digestion rate of carbohydrate by MGAM can be regulated, and carbohydrate with certain molecular structures (e.g., Mylose 351 or Glucodry 314) might be used to modulate carbohydrate digestion to achieve the desired rate of glucose release (Zhang et al 2015).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nevertheless, based on its unique saccharide composition and distribution, one can infer the following major health benefit for a food ingredient like Mylose 351. As described and reviewed by Zhang et al (2015), "Sugar sensing is the basis for gastrointestinal activity modulation through the neurohormonal feedback mechanisms of the ileal brake and gut-brain axis. Liberated glucose from carbohydrate digestion stimulates the secretion of gut hormones through glucose sensing, and the gut hormones may directly or indirectly regulate gastrointestinal activity including digestion, nutrient absorption, gastric emptying and intestinal motility, leading to certain health effects such as appetite control.…”
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confidence: 99%
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“…In pigs, SDS caused increased glucose transporter in the ileum and in humans, resulted in sustained release of the incretin hormone GLP‐1, which has a role in appetite control and body weight regulation . Considering the existence of the GLP‐1‐mediated ileal brake and its role in the gut–brain axis, and evidence that glucose is a stimulator of GLP‐1 secretion from L‐cells in the rat ileum and suppresses food intake, we postulated that ileal location of starch digestion is important for the activation of this feedback control of appetite . Although not all SDS‐containing foods digest as far as the ileum, some do so and may induce the secretion of the gut hormone GLP‐1 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are variable amounts of protein and lipid within the starch granules and tissue of edible plants, which are surrounded by cell walls in the parenchyma, which is itself often surrounded by other macroscopic structures in unprocessed foods like the aleurone layers of a grain caryopsis or the skin of a root vegetable . This complex packaging of starch granules within edible plants tends to limit access to starch molecules by digestive enzymes, although the mechanical processes of the gut counteract this and increase the potential for hydrolysis . Common food preparation methods like boiling, soaking, and mashing also tend to release starch granules into aqueous media where they may form an unbound matrix which can interact with other food components .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%