Gut Dysbiosis during Influenza Contributes to Pulmonary Pneumococcal Superinfection through Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

Sencio, Valentin; Barthélémy, Adeline; Tavares, Luciana P.; Machado, Marina Amaral de Ávila; Soulard, Daphnée; Cuinat, Céline; Queiroz-Júnior, Celso Martins; Noordine, Marie-Louise; Salomé‐Desnoulez, Sophie; Deryuter, Lucie; Foligné, Benoît; Wahl, Céline; Frisch, Benoı̂t; Vieira, Angélica T.; Paget, Christophe; Milligan, Graeme; Ulven, Trond; Wolowczuk, Isabelle; Faveeuw, Christelle; Goffic, Ronan Le; Thomas, Muriel; Ferreira, Stéphanie; Teixeira, Mauro Martins; Trottein, François

doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.013

Cited by 252 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…In that context of GI Covid-19, it is expected that gut microbiota could be modified and that this could worsen the Covid-19 lung damage. Indeed, rapid and severe changes in the gut microbiota [39], a decrease in gut barrier function and increased intestinal permeability [40] could promote changes in the lung microbiota and worsen lung damage [41] leading to ARDS [42]. Conversely, the protective effect induced by a modification of the intestinal microbiota during a viral infection such as the influenza involved a stimulation of the innate immune response [43].…”

Section: Expected Benefits Of Nutrition Support In the Covid-19 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Covid-19 epidemic is challenging our practice in clinical nutrition—feedback from the field

et al. 2020

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The viral epidemic caused by the new Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the new Coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19). Fifteen percent of the Covid-19 patients will require hospital stay, and 10% of them will need urgent respiratory and hemodynamic support in the intensive care unit (ICU). Covid-19 is an infectious disease characterized by inflammatory syndrome, itself leading to reduced food intake and increased muscle catabolism. Therefore Covid-19 patients are at high risk of being malnourished, making the prevention of malnutrition and the nutritional management key aspects of care. Urgent, brutal and massive arrivals of patients needing urgent respiratory care and artificial ventilation lead to the necessity to reorganize hospital care, wards and staff. In that context, nutritional screening and care may not be considered a priority. Moreover, at the start of the epidemic, due to mask and other protecting material shortage, the risk of healthcare givers contamination have led to not using enteral nutrition, although indicated, because nasogastric tube insertion is an aerosolgenerating procedure. Clinical nutrition practice based on the international guidelines should therefore adapt and the use of degraded procedures could unfortunately be the only way. Based on the experience from the first weeks of the epidemic in France, we emphasize ten challenges for clinical nutrition practice. The objective is to bring objective answers to the most frequently met issues to help the clinical nutrition caregivers to promote nutritional care in the hospitalized Covid-19 patient. We propose a flow chart for optimizing the nutrition management of the Covid-19 patients in the non-ICU wards.

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Section: Expected Benefits Of Nutrition Support In the Covid-19 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Covid-19 epidemic is challenging our practice in clinical nutrition—feedback from the field

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several genes in Fatty-acid synthesis pathways were down-regulated in RSV-ARI ( Figure 5d); interestingly, it has been shown that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), speci cally acetate, have anti-viral activity against RSV 54 and in uenza A virus 55,56 . Further, microbiota-derived acetate has been shown to protect against RSV infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response 55 . The most signi cant increase in gene expression was of ACOD1; ACOD1 is also called IRG1 and the long non-coding RNA of ACOD1 is involved in the inhibition of the in ammatory response 57 , and also serves as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated in ammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alphainduced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages 58 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metatranscriptomics to characterize respiratory virome, microbiome, and host response directly from clinical samples

Rajagopala

Bakhoum

Pakala

et al. 2020

Preprint

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We developed a metatranscriptomics method that can simultaneously capture the respiratory virome, microbiome, and host response directly from low-biomass clinical samples. Using nasal swab samples, we have demonstrated that this method captures the comprehensive RNA virome with sufficient sequencing depth required to assemble complete genomes. We find a surprisingly high-frequency of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Coronavirus (CoV) in healthy children, and a high frequency of RSV-A and RSV-B co-infections in children with symptomatic RSV. In addition, we have characterized commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and fungi at the species-level. Functional analysis of bacterial transcripts revealed H. influenzae was highly active in symptomatic RSV subjects. Host transcriptome shows upregulation of the innate immune system, antiviral response and inflammasome pathway, and down regulation of fatty-acids pathway. This method is broadly applicable to infer transcriptome landscape of an infected system, surveil respiratory infections, and to sequence RNA viruses directly from clinical samples.

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“…Severe influenza A virus infection is associated with intestinal disorders and gut microbiota alterations (Wang et al, 2014;Qin et al, 2015;Deriu et al, 2016;Groves et al, 2018;Yildiz et al, 2018;Sencio et al, 2020). These changes were attributed partly to infection-related reduction in food consumption (Sencio et al, 2020) and to interferon production (Wang et al, 2014;Deriu et al, 2016). We recently looked at whether microbiota conditioned by influenza A virus enhanced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection, a major cause of mortality during epidemics and pandemics (McCullers, 2014).…”

Section: The Potential Role Of the Gut Microbiota In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fecal transfer experiments, we showed that the dysbiotic microbiota remotely compromises the lung's defenses against pneumococcal infection. In mechanistic terms, a reduction in SCFA production is associated with a decrease in the alveolar macrophages' bactericidal activity (Sencio et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Potential Role Of the Gut Microbiota In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Causes and Consequences of Gastrointestinal Disorders during a SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020

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Coronaviruses cause several human diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome. The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a huge threat to humans. Intensive research on the pathogenic mechanisms used by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed-notably to identify potential drug targets. Clinical studies of patients with COVID-19 have shown that gastrointestinal disorders appear to precede or follow the respiratory symptoms. Here, we review gastrointestinal disorders in patients with COVID-19, suggest hypothetical mechanisms leading to gut symptoms, and discuss the potential consequences of gastrointestinal disorders on the outcome of the disease. Lastly, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota during respiratory viral infections and suggest that targeting gut dysbiosis may help to control the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses containing a large (25 to 32 kb), single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. These viruses circulate continuously in human populations and generally cause mild respiratory diseases, including the common cold. In contrast, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause severe respiratory diseases and are associated with a high mortality rate when they spread to humans (Fehr et al., 2017). No specific antiviral drugs or vaccines have been approved for combating infections by SARS and MERS. In late 2019, a new infectious respiratory disease (now termed coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) emerged in Wuhan, China (Wang et al., 2020a; Zhu et al., 2020). This disease spread rapidly across China and to other countries. The World Health Organization recently declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19 (Zhu et al., 2020). A phylogenetic analysis has shown that SARS-CoV-2 is most closely related to SARS-CoV (nucleotide similarity: 89.1%). COVID-19 is characterized by acute pathological outcomes, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and has a substantial mortality rate (Chen et al., 2020). ARDS during a SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with dysregulation of cytokine production, barrier leakage, and organ dysfunction. COVID-19 is more severe in individuals with comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension) and in the elderly (Guan et al., 2020; Wu and McGoogan, 2020).

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Gut Dysbiosis during Influenza Contributes to Pulmonary Pneumococcal Superinfection through Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

Cited by 252 publications

References 69 publications

How the Covid-19 epidemic is challenging our practice in clinical nutrition—feedback from the field

How the Covid-19 epidemic is challenging our practice in clinical nutrition—feedback from the field

Metatranscriptomics to characterize respiratory virome, microbiome, and host response directly from clinical samples

Potential Causes and Consequences of Gastrointestinal Disorders during a SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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