Gut-Brain Interactions

Igudesman, Daria; Sweeney, Megan; Carroll, Ian M.; Mayer‐Davis, Elizabeth J.; Bulik, Cynthia M.

doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.003

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Acyl ghrelin binds to GHS-R1a and its plasma levels have been documented to be decreased in AN when compared to agematched and weight-healthy women (71,78,79). Therefore, treatment with acyl ghrelin and/or Relamorelin, a pentapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist, may be useful for stimulating appetite, gastric emptying, and weight regain in AN patients (80).…”

Section: The Ghrelin Leptin and Melanocortin System In An And Bnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma total ghrelin levels are increased in patients with AN; however, anorexic patients report less hunger when compared to healthy women. This discordance may be explained on the basis of ghrelin resistance in anorectic women (71,78) or a changed acyl/des-acyl ghrelin ratio and/or ghrelin reactive autoantibodies (77,81). Patients with AN display lower levels of autoantibodies (IgG) against acyl-ghrelin and higher levels of autoantibodies against des-acyl ghrelin present in immune complexes compared to healthy controls.…”

Section: The Ghrelin Leptin and Melanocortin System In An And Bnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, refeeding led to the onset of insulin resistance in patients with AN (83). Indeed, the onset of type 1 diabetes in adolescence seems to place female patients at risk for the subsequent development of AN and BN (5,6,78,84). Importantly, a decrease in leptinreacting immunoglobulin affinity kinetics may also be related to hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and leptin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes (30).…”

Section: The Ghrelin Leptin and Melanocortin System In An And Bnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methanogens in AN may be thus associated with an adaptive response to very low caloric diet (130) (Table 2). However, M. smithii may contribute to delay gastric emptying and constipation in AN (78). Archaeal family Methanobacteriaceae co-occur with the bacterial family Christensenellaceae and are more abundant in lean individuals with lower BMI (141).…”

Section: The Gut Microbiome In An and Bnmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders

et al. 2021

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The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.

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