Gut-brain axis: Focus on gut metabolites short-chain fatty acids

Guo, Cen; Huo, Yajing; Liu, Yu; Han, Yan Ping; Zhou, Detang

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i6.1754

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, B. bifidum , L. acidophilus , L. casei , and L. rhamnosus exerted a significant effect on modulating anxiety and inflammatory processes in CFS patients [ 232 ]. However, it is difficult to determine which probiotic strain was more effective in attenuating depression symptoms because multiple strains are mostly used in clinical trials [ 80 ], and there are no studies with a placebo-controlled group evaluating the effectiveness of one probiotic strain versus another single strain in depressive disorders. However, it is possible to determine the properties of psychobiotics that they should possess, as shown in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Probiotic Preparations In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probiotics supplemented to healthy people did not exert an effect. Moreover, in an umbrella meta-analysis ( n = 10) with 8886 participants reported by Musazadeh and co-workers [ 80 ], it was demonstrated that probiotics administered in an appropriate dose for a sufficiently long time had a significant effect on reducing depression. The specific probiotics should be administered at a dose of >10 10 CFU per day for >8 weeks to alleviate the symptoms of depression.…”

Section: Probiotic Preparations In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression

et al. 2023

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Depression is a common and complex mental and emotional disorder that causes disability, morbidity, and quite often mortality around the world. Depression is closely related to several physical and metabolic conditions causing metabolic depression. Studies have indicated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis. While this microbiota–gut–brain connection is disturbed, dysfunctions of the brain, immune system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal tract occur. Numerous studies show that intestinal dysbiosis characterized by abnormal microbiota and dysfunction of the microbiota–gut–brain axis could be a direct cause of mental and emotional disorders. Traditional treatment of depression includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and it mainly targets the brain. However, restoration of the intestinal microbiota and functions of the gut–brain axis via using probiotics, their metabolites, prebiotics, and healthy diet may alleviate depressive symptoms. Administration of probiotics labeled as psychobiotics and their metabolites as metabiotics, especially as an adjuvant to antidepressants, improves mental disorders. It is a new approach to the prevention, management, and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses, particularly major depressive disorder and metabolic depression. For the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, psychobiotics should be administered at a dose higher than 1 billion CFU/day for at least 8 weeks.

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Section: Probiotic Preparations In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Probiotic Preparations In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression

et al. 2023

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“…One of the SCFAs, butyrate, was proposed as an agent with an indirect effect on regulating inflammatory visceral pain. Its injection in rat and mouse brains stimulated the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which favors neurogenesis, memory formation, and mood stabilization [ 112 , 113 , 114 ].…”

Section: Visceral Pain Peripheral Mechanisms Of Pain Regulation and Ibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Human Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Pain

Ustianowska

Ustianowski

Machaj

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Understanding of the gut microbiome’s role in human physiology developed rapidly in recent years. Moreover, any alteration of this microenvironment could lead to a pathophysiological reaction of numerous organs. It results from the bidirectional communication of the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system, called the gut–brain axis. The signals in the gut–brain axis are mediated by immunological, hormonal, and neural pathways. However, it is also influenced by microorganisms in the gut. The disturbances in the gut–brain axis are associated with gastrointestinal syndromes, but recently their role in the development of different types of pain was reported. The gut microbiome could be the factor in the central sensitization of chronic pain by regulating microglia, astrocytes, and immune cells. Dysbiosis could lead to incorrect immune responses, resulting in the development of inflammatory pain such as endometriosis. Furthermore, chronic visceral pain, associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders, could result from a disruption in the gut microenvironment. Any alteration in the gut–brain axis could also trigger migraine attacks by affecting cytokine expression. Understanding the gut microbiome’s role in pain pathophysiology leads to the development of analgetic therapies targeting microorganisms. Probiotics, FODMAP diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation are reported to be beneficial in treating visceral pain.

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“…There are two key GPCRs mediating such activity—free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) and FFAR3 [ 36 ]. However, they also act as epigenetic modulators, inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) [ 37 ], and this may be more important in terms of brain activity than the action through GPCRs [ 38 ]. It has been speculated that they reach the brain via the bloodstream, but this has yet to be definitively shown using nonpharmacological doses.…”

Section: How Do Gut Microbes Communicate With the Brain?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics and mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly

Dinan

2022

J Intern Med

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Antibiotics are recognised as, on occasion, producing psychiatric side effects, most notably depression and anxiety. Apart from antimicrobial activity, antibiotics have multiple off-target effects. The brain-gut-microbiota axis has multiple sites for off-target activity, which may produce either positive or negative antibiotic effects. Here we review how antibiotics impact mental health by acting through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Microbes in the gut influence brain function by acting through the vagus nerve or by altering the production of short-chain fatty acids or the amino acid tryptophan, the building block of serotonin. Not all antimicrobial actions of antibiotics have a negative impact. The first antidepressant discovered was actually an antibiotic: isoniazid is an antibacterial drug developed for treating tuberculo-sis. Minocycline, which enters the brain and mediates its effects through microglia, shows antidepressant activity. Some antibiotics bring about a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity, and this is viewed as a risk factor for depression. Other risk factors induced by antibiotics include altered gut barrier function, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or oxytocin and alteration of vagal tone. Although most patients taking antibiotics do not suffer from an iatrogenic psychiatric disorder, some do. As clinicians, we need to keep this in mind. The development of new antibiotics is primarily focused on antibiotic resistance, but efforts should be made to reduce off-target braingut-microbiota effects resulting in mental health problems.

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Gut-brain axis: Focus on gut metabolites short-chain fatty acids

Cited by 33 publications

References 71 publications

The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression

The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression

The Role of the Human Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Pain

Antibiotics and mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly

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