Gut‐ and bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue

Bienenstock, John; Befus, Dean

doi:10.1002/aja.1001700316

Cited by 123 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This is consistent with human data showing that the BALT is largely absent in healthy adults (47) but becomes apparent following infection and chronic inflammation both in humans and in murine models (4,12,25). The BALT is recognized as a tertiary lymphoid organ (10).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Furthermore, we report that, following repeated allergen challenge, prominent T cell aggregates and BALT were apparent in CD3-stained sections (Fig. 4B), consistent with the development of these structures in instances of chronic inflammation (4,12,25). The magnitude of these structures increased dose dependently following FTY720 treatment (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

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Treatment with a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog inhibits airway remodeling following repeated allergen exposure

Karmouty‐Quintana

Siddiqui

Hassan

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an immunomodulatory lipid mediator that plays an important role in lymphocyte trafficking. Elevated levels of S1P are found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with asthma; however, its role in disease is not known. FTY720, a synthetic analog of S1P, has been shown to abrogate allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness following acute allergen challenge. However, its effects on asthmatic airway remodeling induced by repeated allergen exposure are unknown. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats were challenged on days 14, 19, and 24 after sensitization. FTY720 or vehicle (PBS) therapy was administered 1 h prior to each challenge. BAL fluid and quantitative histological analysis were performed 48 h after the last challenge. FTY720 inhibited OVA-induced features of airway remodeling including increased airway smooth muscle mass and bronchial neovascularization, without affecting lymphocyte numbers in secondary lymphoid organs. Furthermore, CD3+ cells adjacent to airway smooth muscle bundles were increased in OVA-challenged rats but the increase was inhibited by FTY720. There was an expansion of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue following FTY720 treatment of OVA-challenged animals. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that Th2-associated transcription factors were inhibited following FTY720 therapy. Airway remodeling is a cardinal feature of severe asthma. These results demonstrate that allergen-driven airway remodeling can be inhibited by FTY720, offering potential new therapies for the treatment of severe asthma.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Treatment with a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog inhibits airway remodeling following repeated allergen exposure

Karmouty‐Quintana

Siddiqui

Hassan

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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“…Since the oral antigen is taken up through the intestine, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) seems to be involved with the induction of oral tolerance. 29) It has been reported that TCRgd-T cells produce the regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) in vitro and induce oral tolerance in vivo, 30) suggesting that the TCRgd-T cells among the IELs produce the regulatory cytokines (TGF-b1 and/or IL-10) upon stimulation and function as regulatory T cells which inhibit antigen-specific T cells. 31) In conclusion, the decrease in the number of gd-IELs caused by anti-TCRgd antibody treatment increased oral sensitization of wild-type (ϩ/ϩ) mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hyperresponsiveness of W/Wv Mice to Oral Sensitization Is Associated with a Decrease in TCR.GAMMA..DELTA.-T Cells

Okunuki

Teshima

Sato

et al. 2005

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The number of patients with food allergies has been increasing for various reasons (e.g., changes in diet, increased stress, etc.), but the mechanisms of the development and regulation of food allergy have not yet been fully elucidated. Thus, oral sensitization models in animals are important for better understanding the induction and regulation mechanisms of food allergy. [1][2][3] When the allergenicity of dietary proteins is evaluated in animal, it is desirable to perform the sensitization orally, preferably without using adjuvants. However, since orally administered food antigens induce tolerance by various mechanisms, [4][5][6] it is important to optimize the dosage of the allergen and the duration of immunization in order to achieve oral sensitization without inducing tolerance.In previous studies, we compared animal food allergy models using various strains of mice and rat, 7) and found that significant antigen-specific antibody production was successfully induced without any adjuvant by orally administering OVA for 9 weeks in B10A mice and BALB/c mice. More recently, W/W v mice have been proven to be a good responder to food allergens, because their antigen-specific antibody titer was much higher than in the other murine strains used. 8)It is important to clarify the cause of the high susceptibility of the W/W v mice to oral sensitization in order to elucidate the mechanism of development of food allergy.W/W v mice have mutations in the c-kit gene and exhibit defects or a deficiency of mast cells, red blood cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal, which ordinarily express c-kit protein.9,10) The c-kit protein is a member of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase family, and its dimer is a ligand for the stem cell factor (SCF).11) We have reported low susceptibility of the congenic wild-type (ϩ/ϩ) mice to oral sensitization. The lack of high sensitivity in c-kit-positive wild-type (ϩ/ϩ) mice suggested that the susceptibility of W/W v mice to oral sensitization is related to the mutations in the c-kit gene.12)The population of gd-IELs is much smaller in W/W v mice than in wild-type mice.12) Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the ratio of the gd-IELs to total T cells in mouse intestinal mucosa is much higher than in other peripheral lymphoid tissues, 13) and that gd-IELs have been found to develop thymus independently in cryptopatches (CPs), which are located in the lamina propria. CPs are the small clusters of immature lymphocytes (c-kitϩ, IL-7Rϩ, Thy-1ϩ, LFA-1ϩ).14,15) Thus, gd-IELs are thought to play an important role in immune responses in the mucosa, although their function in oral sensitization is not fully understood. 16)The objective of this study was to identify the cause of the high susceptibility of W/W v mice to oral sensitization, and we performed two experiments to achieve this objective. In the first experiment, congenic wild-type (ϩ/ϩ) mice were treated with the anti-TCRgd antibody before oral sensitization to OVA. In the second experiment, bone marrow cell-reconstituted W/W v mice with ...

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“…Mature BALT is covered by the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that harbours numerous lymphocytes (Bienenstock andBefus 1984, Fagerland andArp 1993a). FAE is made up of ciliated and unciliated cells (no goblet cells) and some of them have irregular microvilli on their luminal surface, being in close contact with lymphocytes.…”

Section: Immune Structures In the Respiratory System In Chickens Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Smiałek¹,

Tykałowski²,

Stenzel³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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This review article presents fundamental mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity in selected regions of the respiratory tract in healthy birds and in some pathological conditions. The respiratory system, whose mucosa come into direct contact with microorganisms contaminating inhaled air, has some associated structures, such as Harderian gland (HG), conjunctive-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and paranasal glands (PG), whose participation in local mechanisms of the mucosal immunity has been corroborated by numerous scientific studies.The nasal mucosa, with structured clusters of lymphoid tissue (NALT -nasal-associated lymphoid tissue) is the first to come into contact with microorganisms which contaminate inhaled air. Lymphoid nodules, made up of B cells with frequently developed germinal centres (GC), surrounded by a coat of CD4 + cells, are the major NALT structures in chickens, whereas CD8 + cells are situated in the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity mucosa.Studies into respiratory system infections (e.g. Mycoplasma gallisepticum) have shown the reactivity of the tracheal mucosa to infection, despite a lack of essential lymphoid tissue.Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) takes part in bronchial immune processes and its structure, topography and ability to perform defensive function in birds is largely age-dependent. Mature BALT is covered by a delicate layer of epithelial cells, called follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Germinal centres (GC), surrounded by CD4 + cells are developed in most mature BALT nodules, while CD8 + lymphocytes are dispersed among lymphoid nodules and in the epithelium, and they are rarely present in GC.Macrophages make up the first line of defence mechanisms through which the host rapidly responds to microorganisms and their products in the respiratory mucosal system. Another very important element are polymorphonuclear cells, with heterophils being the most important of them. Phagocytic cells obtained from lung lavages in birds are referred to as FARM (free avian respiratory macrophages). Their number in chickens and turkeys is estimated to be 20 times lower than that in mice and rats, which indicates a deficit in the first-line of defence in the birds' respiratory system.There are numerous B cells and antibody secreting cells (ASC) present throughout the respiratory system in birds. Their role comes down to perform antigen-specific protection by producing antibodies (IgM, IgY or IgA class) as a result of contact with pathogenic factors.

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Gut‐ and bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue

Cited by 123 publications

References 62 publications

Treatment with a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog inhibits airway remodeling following repeated allergen exposure

Treatment with a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog inhibits airway remodeling following repeated allergen exposure

The Hyperresponsiveness of W/Wv Mice to Oral Sensitization Is Associated with a Decrease in TCR.GAMMA..DELTA.-T Cells

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

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