Gustation, Olfaction, and Deglutition

Ryan, Carmel; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3794-9_2

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Specifically, exposure to pleasant odors, in comparison to no odor, may reduce anterior/posterior postural sways, while exposure to unpleasant odors may enhance lateral fluctuations and introduce postural imbalance in contrast to pleasant or no odor conditions. This finding corroborates the stream of research showing that action and postural stability benefits from pleasant odors (Ebihara et al, 2011; Freeman et al, 2009; Gim et al, 2015; Ryan & Hummel, 2013; Welge‐Lüssen et al, 2009; Yano et al, 2019) and contradicts the initial findings on that matter, suggesting that olfactory stimulation, with the generally pleasant phenylethyl alcohol odor (PEA, smell resembling rose) enhances postural sways (Nieschalk et al, 1995). Furthermore, findings reported here extend our knowledge about the beneficial effects of pleasant edible odors on postural stability (Yano et al, 2019) by demonstrating that this effect emerges also in the presence of non‐edible pleasant odors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Olfactory stimulation was also beneficial for postural stability in stroke patients (Gim et al, 2015). Other studies corroborated these conclusions by showing the positive effects of olfactory stimulation on the coordination of swallowing (Ryan & Hummel, 2013; Welge‐Lüssen, Ebnöther, Wolfensberger, & Hummel, 2009). A recent investigation revealed disturbing effects of unpleasant odors on neuromuscular control of adaptive force action, again leading to the conclusion that olfactory and motor systems are tightly connected (Schaefer, Dech, Aehle, & Bittmann, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

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Effects of odors on posture

Oleszkiewicz

Pettke

Uecker

et al. 2022

Journal of Sensory Studies

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Evidence suggests that postural stability may benefit from olfactory exposure, but whether this effect is different for hyposmic and healthy subjects remains unknown and little attention has been paid to the hedonic valence of odors in this context. Forty-five participants aged between 23 and 64 years were invited to this study, of whom 32 had normal olfactory function 13 exhibited olfactory deficits. Movement measurements were performed with the "Unterberger stepping test." Participants walked in place with stretched arms for 8 periods of 30 s each, separated by intervals of approximately 15 s. During each of these 30-s blocks one of the three odor conditions was presented to them: (a) pleasant odor, (b) unpleasant odor, and (c) odorless control. Both participants with normosmia and impaired olfaction moved to the left and right sides more when exposed to the unpleasant odor as compared to pleasant odor exposure or no odor. When smelling pleasant odors, participants presented shorter maximal anterior/posterior sway than during no odor exposure, but it was similar when smelling unpleasant odor. The study demonstrated strong effects of odors on postural stability with pleasant odors limiting and unpleasant enhancing postural sways. Practical ApplicationsOdors affect postural stability. Although we fail to demonstrate that postural stability measurements can be applied as a supporting method in smell dysfunction diagnosis, the current study opens prospects for further explorations of the relationship between olfactory and vestibular systems. These efforts may eventually lead to practical solutions supporting postural balance in patients suffering from conditions adversely affecting the vestibular system. | INTRODUCTIONThe olfactory system relates to movements in many ways (Albayay,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Effects of odors on posture

Oleszkiewicz

Pettke

Uecker

et al. 2022

Journal of Sensory Studies

Self Cite

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“…This control receives information from mouth, pharyngeal and proximal esophagus to make the adaptations to the characteristics of the swallowed bolus, in terms of volume, consistency, temperature and taste. [1][2][3] The adaptation to bolus volume and consistency is important, because the loss of this control may cause dysphagia and air way aspiration, with impairment of hydration, nutrition, impact on quality of life, increased risk of pulmonary infectious disease and death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bolus Volume and Consistency on Swallowing Events Duration in Healthy Subjects

Nascimento

Cassiani

Santos

et al. 2015

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

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Background/AimsSwallowing is a complex function with the control of the swallowing center being located in the brain stem. Our aim in this investigation was to evaluate, in healthy volunteers, the oral and pharyngeal transit of 2 bolus volumes and 2 consistencies, and the influence of these boluses on the proportion of pharyngeal clearance duration/hyoid movement duration. MethodsVideofluoroscopic evaluation of swallows was performed in 30 healthy volunteers, aged 29-77 years (mean 58 years). The subjects swallowed in duplicate of 5 mL and 10 mL of thick liquid barium and honey thick barium. We measured the duration of oral transit, pharyngeal transit, pharyngeal clearance, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid movement, oropharyngeal transit, and the relation pharyngeal clearance duration/hyoid movement duration. ResultsA 10 mL bolus volume caused a longer UES opening duration than a 5 mL bolus volume, for both consistencies. The pharyngeal transit was longer for honey thick bolus consistency than for thick liquid, with both the volumes of 5 mL and 10 mL. For pharyngeal clearance, the difference was significant only with the 10 mL bolus volume. There was no difference associated with bolus volume or consistency in the relation between pharyngeal clearance duration and hyoid movement duration. ConclusionsIncrease in the swallowed bolus volume causes a longer UES opening duration and an increase in bolus consistency from thick liquid to honey thick causes a longer pharyngeal transit duration. The proportion between pharyngeal clearance and hyoid movement does not change with bolus volume or bolus consistency.

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Gustation, Olfaction, and Deglutition

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of odors on posture

Effects of odors on posture

Effect of Bolus Volume and Consistency on Swallowing Events Duration in Healthy Subjects

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