Gulf war wounds: application of the Red Cross wound classification

Bowyer, Gavin; Stewart, Michael; Ryan, James G.

doi:10.1016/0020-1383(93)90121-l

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Landmine injuries exhibit three patterns and have been previously described by the Red Cross organization and in various papers . The first pattern occurs when a mine is triggered by standing on it.…”

Section: Patterns Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 97%

Blast Injury and the Human Skeleton: An Important Emerging Aspect of Conflict‐Related Trauma

Dussault

Smith

Osselton

2014

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Recent decades have seen an accelerating trend in warfare whereby a growing proportion of conflict-related deaths have been caused by explosions. Analysis of blast injury features little in anthropological literature. We present a review of clinical literature that includes prevalence of injury to anatomical regions and potential indicators of blast injury which can be used by forensic anthropologists. This includes high prevalence of extremity (22.8-91.2%) and facial (19.6-40%) injury in combat contexts, lower limb fractures (19-74.3%) in suicide bombing, traumatic amputation (3-43%) and diffuse fracture patterns in terrorist bombings. Potential indicators of blast trauma include blowout fractures in sinus cavities from blast overpressure, transverse mandibular fractures, and visceral surface rib fractures. Ability to recognize blast trauma and distinguish it in the skeleton is of importance in investigations and judicial proceedings relating to war crimes, terrorism, and human rights violations and likely to become increasingly crucial to forensic anthropology knowledge.

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Section: Patterns Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 97%

Blast Injury and the Human Skeleton: An Important Emerging Aspect of Conflict‐Related Trauma

Dussault

Smith

Osselton

2014

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…71 72 To date, however, with the exception of the five studies that describe the excess risk for non-battle injury mortality, 9 11-14 discussion and review of injury among Gulf War veterans has been limited to studies describing battle related injuries and/or their psychological sequelae. [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Few resources have been devoted to this issue: of the 159 million dollars spent between 1994-99 on research related to ODS/DS veterans' health, only a small proportion has gone to the study of excess injury. 87 Though one study is currently being conducted to evaluate motor vehicle injuries in this population, 88 we are not aware of any projects underway at this time that will clarify the specific etiologic pathways leading to increased injury mortality among deployed veterans.…”

Section: Barriers To the Study Of Deployment Related Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed explanations for excess injury among veterans of the Persian Gulf War and a call for greater attention from policymakers and researchers: Figure 1

Bell

Amoroso²,

Wegman³

et al. 2001

Inj Prev

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Introduction-Death rates among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War were lower than rates among non-deployed veterans and the US population at large, with the exception of injury deaths; returning veterans were at significantly greater risk of injury mortality. Similar patterns of excess injury mortality were documented among US and Australian veterans returning from Vietnam. In spite of these consistent findings little has been done to explain these associations and in particular to determine whether or not, and how, war related exposures influence injury risk among veterans returning home after deployments. Hypothesized pathways-Several potential pathways are proposed through which injury might be related to deployment. First, increases in injury mortality may be a consequence of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and symptoms of other psychiatric conditions developed after the war. Second, physical and psychological traumas experienced during the war may result in the postwar adoption of "coping" behaviors that also increase injury risk (for example, heavy drinking). Third, greater injury risk may be the indirect consequence of increased experiences of ill defined diseases and symptoms reported by many returning veterans. Fourth, veterans may experience poorer survivability for a given injury event resulting in greater mortality but not morbidity. Finally, the process that selects certain individuals for deployment may lead to a spurious association between deployment status and injury mortality by preferentially selecting individuals who are risk takers and/or exposed to greater hazards. Conclusions-More research and attention from policymakers is needed to clarify the link between deployment and postwar increased risk of injury. (Injury Prevention 2001;7:4-9)

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“…Recognizing that scoring systems relating to peacetime injuries are not applicable to war wounds, the ICRC has developed its own wound scoring system. Although this system has been well received and widely used, Coupland in 1992 notes that a traumatic amputation resulting from a landmine cannot be scored easily by this system (Coupland, 1992& Bowyer, 1993.…”

Section: The Mts Value Was Assigned To Each Test Cadaver By One Of Twmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report of the Lower Extremity Assessment Program (LEAP 99-2). Volume 2

Harris¹,

Rountree²,

Griffin³

et al. 2000

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Research conducted by Department of Defense laboratories and facilities, collaborating with leading academic institutions, has demonstrated that currently available landmine protective footwear does not prevent severe injury. This footwear potentially reduces injury severity against some antipersonnel mines. Volume 2 of the Lower Extremity Assessment Program (LEAP 99-2) discusses the change of injury pattern in a cadaver model wearing mine protective footwear during an antipersonnel blast mine detonation. Our analytical methodology developed to assess mine-protective footwear and injury severity associated with blast mines across the spectrum of threat is presented.iii iv

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Gulf war wounds: application of the Red Cross wound classification

Cited by 33 publications

References 14 publications

Blast Injury and the Human Skeleton: An Important Emerging Aspect of Conflict‐Related Trauma

Blast Injury and the Human Skeleton: An Important Emerging Aspect of Conflict‐Related Trauma

Proposed explanations for excess injury among veterans of the Persian Gulf War and a call for greater attention from policymakers and researchers: Figure 1

Final Report of the Lower Extremity Assessment Program (LEAP 99-2). Volume 2

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