Gulf War Syndrome: A Reaction to Psychiatry’s Invasion of the Military?

Kilshaw, Susie

doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9088-0

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The current study shows that experimental animals presented similar symptoms suggestive of PTSD, but these did not exactly match [34,37,38]. IUS exposure was associated with increased stress hormone levels and proinflammatory cytokine secretion.…”

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confidence: 59%

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A Novel Animal Model Simulating the Beginning of Combat Exposure

Kim

Koo

et al. 2017

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objective: Predator stress, social defeat stress, and fear conditioning animal models have been applied to investigate combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no animal model psychopharmacological studies have investigated prevention of somatization of increased mental stress and fatigue at the beginning of combat exposure. This study utilized a novel animal model simulating the beginning of combat exposure that aided specification of a set of biomarkers. Methods: Psychological stress was induced by both inescapable electric foot shock and noise stimuli. Physical fatigue was induced by sleep deprivation and forced exercise in a rotating cage. A new device reflecting simultaneous psychological stress and physical fatigue was constructed. The protocol simulating combat exposure was set as 3 rounds of 24-h exposure in a 2-week period, which was specified as intermittent unpredictable stress (IUS). Results: Mice exposed to IUS(IUS mice) had significantly higher serum corticosterone levels (p < 0.05), excessive locomotive activity (p < 0.001), and anxiety-like behavior (p < 0.02) compared to control mice. IUS mice also had significantly higher IFN-γ (p < 0.001) and TNF-α (p < 0.05) levels in the supernatant of splenic T-cell culture compared to control mice. Brain-derived neurotropic factor levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.04) after IUS exposure. Conclusion: The proposed animal model of combat exposure reflected cognitive function impairment, behavior disturbance, and altered neuroimmune interactions without any apparent histopathological changes, and this animal model may be more applicable to protective research on war syndrome than combat-related PTSD after war because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has not been blunted.

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confidence: 59%

“…In a combat environment, soldiers experience severe stress due to exposure to a state of war or enemy invasion as well as exposure to combat situations or physical injuries [32][33][34]. The proposed animal model was focused on soldiers suffering war syndrome without physical injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Animal Model Simulating the Beginning of Combat Exposure

Kim

Koo

et al. 2017

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…Identifying a physical symptom-only profile (independent of psychological symptoms) corroborates the concerns expressed by veterans that their physical health could have a direct link to TDEs rather than being of psychological origin. Clinicians often struggle to explain or treat these symptoms effectively, and clinical management of this group is not well developed (Kilshaw, 2008;McFarlane, Lawrence-Wood, Van Hooff, Malhi, & Yehuda, 2017;olde Hartman et al, 2017). These difficulties may be indicative of a significant burden of distress and impairment for these veterans, although more longitudinal research is needed to confirm the health progression of this group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…unique deployment experiences (Kilshaw, 2008). This clash of beliefs over causation has led to much controversy over the existence of postwar syndromes, including "shellshock" after World War I, Agent Orange exposure after the Vietnam War, and more recently, Gulf War Syndrome after the Gulf War, with broad-reaching implications, such as the validity of pension entitlements for such invisible injuries (Hyams, Wignall, & Roswell, 1996;Miley & Read, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Associations Between Physical and Psychological Symptoms and Traumatic Military Deployment Exposures

Graham

Searle

Hooff

et al. 2019

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Current paradigms regarding the effects of traumatic exposures on military personnel do not consider physical symptoms unrelated to injury or illness as independent outcomes of trauma exposure, characteristically dealing with these symptoms as comorbidities of psychological disorders. Our objective was to ascertain the proportions of deployed military personnel who experienced predominantly physical symptoms, predominantly psychological symptoms, and comorbidity of the two and to examine the association between traumatic deployment exposures (TDEs) and these symptomatic profiles. Data were taken from a cross-sectional study of Australian Defence Force personnel who were deployed to the Middle East during 2001-2009 (N = 14,032). Four groups were created based on distributional splits of physical and psychological symptom scales: low-symptom, psychological, physical, and comorbid. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the probability of symptom group membership, compared with low-symptom, as predicted by self-reported TDEs. Group proportions were: low-symptom, 78.3%; physical, 5.0%; psychological, 9.3%; and comorbid, 7.5%. TDEs were significant predictors of all symptom profiles. For subjective, objective, and human death and degradation exposures, respectively, the largest relative risk ratios (RRRs) were for the comorbid profile, RRRs = 1.47, 1.19, 1.48; followed by the physical profile, RRRs = 1.27, 1.15, 1.40; and the psychological profile, RRRs = 1.22, 1.07, 1.22. Almost half of participants with physical symptoms did not have comorbid psychological symptoms, suggesting that physical symptoms can occur as a discrete outcome trauma exposure. The similar dose-response association between TDEs and the physical and psychological profiles suggests trauma is similarly associated with both outcomes.

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“…Most people with chronic pain and fatigue understand their condition to be physical in nature and are resistant to psychological theories [9][10]. In order to diminish the occurrence of these unexplained symptoms among veterans, more research is needed [5,[11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timed loaded standing in female chronic fatigue syndrome compared with other populations

et al. 2015

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Abstract-Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), like patients with osteoporosis, have similar difficulties in standing and sitting. The aim of the study was to compare combined trunk and arm endurance among women with CFS (n = 72), women with osteoporosis (n = 30), nondisabled women (n = 55), and women from non-industrialized countries (n = 58) using the timed loaded standing (TLS) test. TLS measures how long a person can hold a 1 kg dumbbell in each hand in front of him or her with straight arms. TLS was higher in the industrialized nondisabled population than in the non-industrialized study population (p < 0.001) and in patients with osteoporosis (p = 0.002). TLS was lower in patients with CFS than in nondisabled controls (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, body height, and weight, combined trunk and arm endurance was lower in CFS patients than in osteoporotic patients, even though the patients with osteoporosis were more than 25 yr older (p < 0.001). In CFS, TLS was lower than in the non-industrialized group (p = 0.02). Since only women were studied, external validity of the results is limited to adult female patients with CFS. TLS revealed a specific biomechanical weakness in CFS patients that can be taken into account from the onset of a rehabilitation program. We propose that influencing the quality, rather than the quantity, of movement could be used in the rehabilitation.Key words: chronic fatigue syndrome, deformation, endurance, graded exercise/exposure therapy, movement, nonindustrialized population, osteoporosis, physical performance, timed loaded standing, trunk.Abstract corrected from original 11/5/15: Erratum in 52(7) JRRD 2015.

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Gulf War Syndrome: A Reaction to Psychiatry’s Invasion of the Military?

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

A Novel Animal Model Simulating the Beginning of Combat Exposure

A Novel Animal Model Simulating the Beginning of Combat Exposure

The Associations Between Physical and Psychological Symptoms and Traumatic Military Deployment Exposures

Timed loaded standing in female chronic fatigue syndrome compared with other populations

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