Guiding Groundwater Policy in the Indus Basin of Pakistan Using a Physically Based Groundwater Model

Khan, Hassaan F.; Yang, Yun; Ringler, Claudia; Wi, Sungwook; Cheema, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud; Basharat, Muhammad

doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000733

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Pothwar plateau (Jehlam, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, and Attock) has separate confined groundwater aquifer [47,48]. Baluchistan and southwest Punjab also separated through Sulaiman range [35]. Northwestern, western, and southeastern Punjab aquifer is not connected to outside; however toward north and northeastern side, aquifer is [49].…”

Section: Aquifersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indus, Jehlam, and Chenab have average annual flow of 62, 23, and 25 MAF with seasonal variation, and decreasing volume trend is observed till present; as a result, water deficit is reported in 25 main canals [32]. Canal irrigation system raised water table during British era [33,34], while current agriculture practices has lowered the water table due to water abstraction at rate of 2.1 km 3 yr −1 [35]. Local recharge is also reduced due to construction of cemented water channels to provide water to tail end farmers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After Indus water treaty, river hydrology and recharge patterns have been changed and rate of socioeconomic development varies in different districts [35,[39][40][41]; therefore, comparative impact of these changes on groundwater quality should be determined at macroscopic level rather than site-specific studies. There are 36 districts in Punjab while past studies are mostly focused on specific sites in few districts, especially Bari Doab or central Punjab, while less data are available of western districts [37,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic and recharge effect on spatial changes in the groundwater chemistry of Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate statistical approach

Khan

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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This study presents deterioration in groundwater quality of highly populated region of Punjab Province, Pakistan, by linking chemical data with rain, river recharge, and socioeconomic factors. Various chemical parameters like total dissolved solid (TDS), arsenic (As), fluoride (F − ), Iron (Fe), nitrate (NO 3 − ), nitrite (NO 2 − ), and pH were determined for 46,457 samples collected from 205,344 km 2 area of the Punjab. The samples were collected, stored, and analyzed as per the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) methods at laboratory. Commercial kits were used for analysis of Fe, As, NO 2 − , NO 3 − and F − , while TDS and pH were measured by respective meters. Chemical parameters were correlated with human and animal population, fertilizers consumption, tube wells, industrial density, rain occurrence, and river recharge rate. Data were analyzed using XLSTAT, and GIS 10.3 was used to draw the maps. Spatial classification of the districts was performed by principal component analysis and hierarchal cluster analysis.

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Section: Aquifersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic and recharge effect on spatial changes in the groundwater chemistry of Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate statistical approach

Khan

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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“…Rising temperature is not only decreasing Pakistan's cotton yield while also exerting additional stress on water demands for the agricultural (cotton) and socio-economic sectors in the agro-ecological zone (Naheed and Rasul 2005;Abbas 2020;Saleem et al 2021). Meanwhile, in a semiarid or arid region for the agricultural sector, groundwater plugs the gaps of crop water requirement or canal (allocated) water supplies, has caused a lowering of depth to the water table from 10 to 25 m (Khan et al 2017;Maqbool et al 2021). That leads to adopting mitigation techniques to increase water conservation for cotton's environmentally friendly production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Recharge in Cotton Irrigated Fields under Agronomical Practices

Saeed¹,

Maqbool²,

Ashraf³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Cotton crop is one of the major water consumers in the Indus basin region. Accurate groundwater recharge estimation is a provoking duty due to hydrologic and environmental applications under climate change in the agricultural sector. An utmost region that is vulnerable to climate change and cotton production is declining, consequently. Here, historical trends (1975–2005) and future variability (2021-50 and 2051-80) of climate parameters were analyzed and predicted by SDSM for three emission scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) for the semi-arid region Faisalabad, Pakistan. Results revealed a rise in maximum (minimum) temperature and a decline in rainfall, relative humidity, and wind speed for both 2021-50 and 2051-80 using different NCEP parameters (p < 0.05). The groundwater recharge was simulated using the Hydrus-1D unsaturated flow model. Hydrus-1D unsaturated flow model simulated the groundwater recharge under six treatments. A 41 cm reduction of groundwater recharge was observed under all scenarios. The highest recharge was observed 71 cm under RCP 2.6, and the lowest recharge was 30 cm under RCP 8.5, a maximum of 23% groundwater recharge controlled by climate variables with the weak relationship among them. Cotton sowing method T6(bed planting without mulch) showed the highest yield (1,066 kg.ha− 1). It further indicates that rather than climate change, the agronomical practice may have a more significant impact on groundwater recharge and cotton yield. Findings highlight the significance of both climate change and the cotton sowing method while accessing future water resources in irrigated Indus basin agriculture.

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“…To ensure sustainable groundwater resource, effective groundwater resource management able to take into account the interactions between surface and subsurface water at varied spatio-temporal scales is needed. One means to constitute pertinent management policies (e.g., groundwater divisions and availability, legal pumping amounts, control measures, and decision making) is through the application of a physically-based groundwater model [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical and Numerical Assessments of Groundwater Resource Subject to Excessive Pumping: Case Study in Southwest Taiwan

Shih

Chen

et al. 2019

Water

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Groundwater, a salient water resource in Taiwan, has been subject to incessant and excessive pumping, inducing serious regional land subsidence and seawater intrusion. This study aims at assessing how excessive pumping impacts groundwater variations over the Pingtung Alluvial Plain (PAP) in Southwest Taiwan using both statistical and numerical techniques. We apply nonparametric methods to analyze the changing point and annual trend in various hydro-meteorological time series (e.g., rainfall, temperature, and groundwater levels (GLs)). Afterwards, we employ an integrated surface-subsurface model referred to as WASH123D to simulate GLs under the pumping-free scenario; any discrepancies identified between simulated and observed GLs could be an indicator of unregulated/illegal pumping. We find that annual GLs exhibit a significant increasing (decreasing) trend in the western (eastern) PAP. Our numerical experiment reveals diverging trends in simulated and observed GLs, mostly at the downstream of all the major tributaries, suggesting the consequence of unregulated/illegal pumping. Furthermore, upstream pumping may reduce lateral flow towards the downstream coastal area, triggering land subsidence in remote locations.

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Guiding Groundwater Policy in the Indus Basin of Pakistan Using a Physically Based Groundwater Model

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Socioeconomic and recharge effect on spatial changes in the groundwater chemistry of Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate statistical approach

Socioeconomic and recharge effect on spatial changes in the groundwater chemistry of Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate statistical approach

Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Recharge in Cotton Irrigated Fields under Agronomical Practices

Statistical and Numerical Assessments of Groundwater Resource Subject to Excessive Pumping: Case Study in Southwest Taiwan

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