Guidelines Toward More Uniformity in Measuring and Reporting Calf Experimental Data

Larson, Lisa M.; Owen, F.G.; Albright, J.L.; Appleman, Robert D.; Lamb, R.C.; Müller, Laurent

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)83975-1

Cited by 391 publications

(250 citation statements)

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“…However, the age of the calves had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) in changes of fecal scores of calves (Table 3), with decreasing scores after the 4 th week of age. According to Larson et al (1977), when the animal has diarrhea, score for fluidity is higher than 2.5 (considering a 1 to 4 scale). During week 4, calves in group MR (400 mg/kg of EO blend on milk replacer) exceeded the score of 2.5 (Figure 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Santos

Paula

Lezier

et al. 2015

Animal

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The first cause of death of dairy calves is often diarrhea which is mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria, which can result in excessive use of antibiotics. However, facing the increase concern by the industry and consumers, the use of antibiotics not only to control pathogens, but also to manipulate growth, has become a challenge. Alternative additives, such essential oils, have the potential to decrease antibiotic use, without reducing performance or increasing mortality of dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a commercial blend of essential oils, incorporated into the calf starter and/or milk replacer to monitor the effect on overall calf performance, fecal scores and rumen fermentation parameters. A total of 30 Holstein calves received 6 l/day of a liquid diet, consisting of a commercial milk replacer containing 20% CP : 15% fat (EE). Calves had free choice access to water and calf starter. Weaning occurred at week 8, and calves were followed until the 10 th week of age. Calves were assigned to one of the three treatment groups in a randomized block design. Treatments: (1) control without essential oils supplementation (C); (2) essential oils blend in the milk replacer at 400 mg/kg (MR) and (3) essential oils blend in the milk replacer (200 mg/kg) and starter feed (200 mg/kg) (MRS). From the 2 nd week, calves were weighed and body measurements were taken, while concentrate intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteria; and ruminal fluid for determination of pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia-N and counts of amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa. Performance, fecal scores and intestines microorganisms were not affected by the essential oils supplementation. Ruminal and blood parameters were also not affected, with the exception the rumen ammonia-N concentration, with higher values when essential oils were supplemented in a combination of milk replacer and starter feed. Most of the evaluated parameters were affected by age of calves, mainly as a response to the increase in concentrate intake as animals' aged. Essential oils are promising substitutes for antibiotics. However, the dose and routes of administration deserve further studies, allowing a better animal performance and health to be achieved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Every morning feces were scored for fluidity, color, consistency and odor, as described by Larson et al (1977).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Santos

Paula

Lezier

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…Fecal scoring as determined by checking fecal fluidity, consistency and odor was conducted daily (0800 h) using the procedure of Larson et al (1977). Fecal scoring was performed as follows: for fecal fluidity, normal, 1; soft, 2; runny, 3; watery, 4; for fecal consistency, normal, 1; foamy, 2; mucous-like, 3; sticky, 4; constipated, 5; for fecal odor, normal, 1; slightly offensive, 2; highly offensive, 3.…”

Section: Animals and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hydrolyzed yeast supplementation in calf starter on immune responses to vaccine challenge in neonatal calves

Kim

Seo

Yun

et al. 2011

Animal

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The effects of hydrolyzed yeast supplementation on growth performance, health and immune-physiological parameters in neonatal calves challenged with vaccine were investigated. Twelve Holstein calves were started in the experiment at 2 6 1 days of age and were studied for 35 days. Calves were randomly assigned to each of two dietary treatments, a control (CON) and hydrolyzed yeast (HY) group. The calves in the HY group received control calf starter supplemented with 0.2% HY. All calves were given calf starter ad libitum for 5 weeks starting in week 1. Calves were also given whole milk according to a step-down milking protocol. In order to induce immune responses, all calves were challenged with Hog cholera and Erysipelothrix insidiossa live vaccines by intramuscular injection at 3 weeks of age. Growth performance and feed intake were not affected by dietary treatment throughout the experimental period, except that the HY group had significantly higher ( P , 0.05) milk intake than did the CON group at 3 weeks of age. Calves in the HY group showed significantly better ( P , 0.05) fecal and health scores at 3 weeks compared to those in the control group. After vaccine challenge, neutropenia, lymphophilia and thrombocytopenia were observed in the CON group, but calves in the HY group did not show significant changes of leukocytes. The average concentration of serum haptoglobin in the HY group was significantly higher ( P , 0.05) at 1 and 3 days post-vaccine challenge (DPVC) than that of CON group. Feeding HY supplemented calf starter resulted in a higher ( P , 0.05) relative amount of bacterial and viral -specific IgA than in the CON group at 5 DPVC. Although the percentage of CD4 1 T cells was significantly ( P , 0.05) higher in the HY group than in the CON group at 22 DPVC, significant differences between groups after vaccine challenge was not observed during the experimental period. These results suggest that 0.2% HY supplementation in calf starter can improve the health status and immune-related serum protein production and affect blood cell composition in neonatal calves after vaccine challenge.

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“…Each calf was assigned a daily fecal consistency score from arrival until weaning. Fecal consistency was assessed using a 4-point scale (1 = normal, firm but not hard; 2 = soft, does not hold form; 3 = runny, spreads easily; 4 = watery, liquid consistency) [16]. To standardize fecal consistency scoring, descriptions and photographs for each point on the scale were provided to research technicians.…”

Section: Collection Of Calf Performance and Health Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Replacer Acidification for Free-Access Feeding: Effects on the Performance and Health of Veal Calves

Todd¹,

Leslie²,

Millman³

et al. 2016

OJAS

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Objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of milk replacer (MR) acidification for freeaccess feeding on pre-and post-weaning performance, morbidity and mortality of calves. Calves were randomly assigned to free-access feeding of acidified (ACID, n = 31) or non-acidified (NON, n = 31) MR, and weaned at 42 days. ACIDMR was prepared to pH 4.0 -4.5 using formic acid. Intakes were measured daily and weights weekly. Samples of ACID and NON MR were analyzed for coliform and aerobic bacterial growth. After weaning, calves transitioned to a grain-fed veal diet, weighed every 2 weeks. At slaughter (approximately 6 months of age), lungs were evaluated for gross pathological changes and dressed carcass weights were obtained. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to examine the effects of MR acidification. Differences by treatment group for pre-and post-weaning morbidity and mortality were tested using Pearson's χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests. ACID calves consumed less MR than NON (10.6 vs. 11.7 L/d, P = 0.02). Acidification tended to promote earlier onset of starter ration consumption (32.0 vs. 39.5 d, hazard ratio = 1.5, P = 0.07), but did not affect average daily starter ration or water intakes across the preweaning period. ACID and NON calves did not differ for BW at weaning, pre-or post-weaning ADG or dressed carcass weight. ACID MR had less coliform (P < 0.001) and aerobic bacterial growth (P < 0.001) than NON MR, but odds of disease treatment and mortality did not differ. ACID calves tended to have lower odds of pulmonary lesions during post-mortem inspection than NON calves (OR = 0.3, P = 0.07). These results indicate that under free-access feeding conditions, acidification * Corresponding author. C. G. Todd et al. 235limited bacterial growth and MR intake, but there were no long-term impacts of acidification on calf performance or health. In conclusion, acidification to pH 4.0 -4.5 will significantly reduce bacterial growth in milk fed to calves.

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Guidelines Toward More Uniformity in Measuring and Reporting Calf Experimental Data

Cited by 391 publications

References 0 publications

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Effects of hydrolyzed yeast supplementation in calf starter on immune responses to vaccine challenge in neonatal calves

Milk Replacer Acidification for Free-Access Feeding: Effects on the Performance and Health of Veal Calves

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