Guidelines to inform the generation of clinically relevant and realistic blast loading conditions for primary blast injury research

Denny, Jack; Dickinson, Alexander; Langdon, G.S.

doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001796

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Primary blast injury risk was interpreted at each gauge location through inspection of blast wave parameters and with reference to pre-defined injury criteria, based on more detailed reviews by Denny et al (2021aDenny et al ( , 2021b. Primary blast injury risk profiles were grouped according to area of the body affected: (1) the auditory system, (2) pulmonary injury and risk of lethality, and (3) brain-related PBI (Table 1).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A numerical investigation of blast-structure interaction effects on primary blast injury risk and the suitability of existing injury prediction methods

Denny

Langdon

Rigby

et al. 2022

International Journal of Protective Structures

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Explosions increasingly occur in densely populated, urban locations. Primary blast injuries (PBIs), caused by exposure to blast wave overpressure, can be predicted using injury criteria, although many are based on idealised loading scenarios that do not necessarily reflect real life situations. At present, there is limited understanding of how, and to what extent, blast-structure interaction influences injury risk, and the suitability of injury criteria that assume idealised loading. This work employed computational fluid dynamics to investigate the influence of blast interaction effects such as shielding and channelling on blast load characteristics and predicted PBIs. The validated modelling showed that blast interaction with common urban features like walls and corners resulted in complex waveforms featuring multiple peaks and less clearly defined durations, and that these alter potential injury risk maps. For example, blast shielding due to corners reduced peak overpressures by 43%–60% at locations behind the corner. However, when the urban layout included a corner and a wall structure, higher pressures and impulse due to channelling were observed. The channelling significantly increased the injury risk at the exposed location and reduced the shielding effects behind the corner. In these cases, the application and interpretation of existing injury criteria had several limitations and reduced reliability. This demonstrates that structural-blast interaction from common urban layouts has a significant effect on PBI risk. Specific challenges and further work to develop understanding and reliability of injury prediction for urban blast scenarios are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A numerical investigation of blast-structure interaction effects on primary blast injury risk and the suitability of existing injury prediction methods

Denny

Langdon

Rigby

et al. 2022

International Journal of Protective Structures

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…"Primary" blast injuries are caused by the direct interaction of the blast wave with the human body, especially with damage to organs containing air. In the experimental study of the mechanisms of blast wave action, significant test results depend on the corresponding simulated conditions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlational relationships of intestinal wall parameters after barotraum

Kosharniy¹,

Abdul-Ogli²,

Козлов³

et al. 2023

Rep. of Morph.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Explosions are physical phenomena that lead to a sudden release of energy; they can be chemical, nuclear or mechanical. This process results in an almost instantaneous increase in pressure above atmospheric pressure. Damage to the abdominal organs after the action of explosion factors (shock blast wave, striking elements of the explosive device, secondary shells, chemical and thermal factors) is a fairly common clinical situation. The small and large intestines are the most vulnerable to the impact of a shock blast among the abdominal organs. The aim of the study was a study of the distant consequences of the influence of barotrauma on the morphometric parameters of the intestines of white rats and their correlations. The studies were performed on 20 white outbred sexually mature rats weighing 180-200 g. The wall of the small intestine was stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to the generally accepted method. The thickness of the entire intestinal wall, mucous, muscular and serous membranes, the length and width of the villi, the depth and width of the crypts were determined. Statistical processing of morphometry results was performed using the Statistica 10.0 program. Analysis of histopathological changes in the wall of the small intestine by light microscopy on the seventh day after the impact of the shock air wave on the anterior abdominal wall showed a significant thickening of the mucous membrane, submucosa, muscle membrane compared with the control group of animals. Thickening of the intestinal wall layers occurred due to intercellular edema and edema of stromal elements. At the time of the study, an inflammatory reaction with predominantly neutrophilic infiltration was present in all mucosal, submucosal, and muscular membranes. From the vascular bed in the vessels of the mucous and submucosal membranes, circulatory disorders occurred in the form of plethora and stasis in the vessels of various diameters and affiliations. Thickening of the layers of the intestinal wall occurred due to intercellular edema, swelling of stromal elements. The analysis of the morphometric parameters of the wall of the small intestine showed that in experimental rats after barotrauma simulation, quantitative changes occur at both the cellular and tissue levels, which correlate with the observation period. The muscular shell is subject to more pronounced changes under the action of a shock wave, which is confirmed by morphometric studies and correlation analysis. When conducting a correlation analysis, it was established that all indicators had strong positive relationships with each other, except for the parameter of the thickness of the muscle layer. Changes in the average thickness of the mesenteric layer had a moderate relationship with all parameters except crypt width and mucosal thickness.

show abstract

The Direction-encoded Neural Network: A machine learning approach to rapidly predict blast loading in obstructed environments

Dennis

Rigby

2023

International Journal of Protective Structures

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Machine learning (ML) methods are becoming more prominent in blast engineering applications, with their adaptability to new scenarios and rapid computation times providing key benefits when compared to empirical methods and physics-based approaches, respectively. However, ML approaches commonly used for blast analyses are regularly provided with inputs relating to domain-specific parameters, restricting their use beyond the initial problem set and reducing their generality. This article presents the ‘Direction-encoded Neural Network’ (DeNN); a novel way to structure an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict blast loading in obstructed environments. Each point of interest (POI) is represented by the proximity to its surroundings and the shortest travel path of the blast wave in order to prime the network to learn the underlying physics of the problem. Furthermore, a bespoke wave reflection equation creates a zone of influence around each point so that obstacles are only captured in the network’s inputs if they would alter the path of the wave. It is shown that the DeNN can predict peak overpressures with mean absolute errors ∼5 kPa for unseen, complex domains of any shape or size, when compared to the results from physics-based numerical models with ∼30 times the solution time of the DeNN. The network is used to develop maps of likely human injury following detonation of a high explosive in an internal environment, with eardrum rupture levels being correctly predicted for over 93% of unseen test points. It is therefore highly suited for use in probabilistic, risk-based analyses which are currently impractical due to excessive computational cost.

show abstract

Guidelines to inform the generation of clinically relevant and realistic blast loading conditions for primary blast injury research

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

A numerical investigation of blast-structure interaction effects on primary blast injury risk and the suitability of existing injury prediction methods

A numerical investigation of blast-structure interaction effects on primary blast injury risk and the suitability of existing injury prediction methods

Correlational relationships of intestinal wall parameters after barotraum

The Direction-encoded Neural Network: A machine learning approach to rapidly predict blast loading in obstructed environments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About