Guidelines for the welfare of animals in rodent protection tests: A Report from the Rodent Protection Test Working Party

Acred, P.; Hennessey, T. D.; MacArthur-Clark, J. A.; Merrikin, D. J.; Ryan, D. M.; Smulders, H. C.; Troke, Peter F.; Wilson, R. Geoffrey; Straughan, Donald W.

doi:10.1258/002367794781065870

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…At the end of the immunosuppression period the rats were sacrificed and P. carinii was recovered from their lungs. The research complied with national legislation, with company policy on the care and use of animals, and with related guidelines (1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Sordarin Derivatives in Comparison with Those of Marketed Compounds against Pneumocystis carinii Isolated from Rats

Aviles¹,

Aliouat

Martı́nez³

et al. 2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains one of the most serious complications of immunosuppressed patients. In this study, the in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters of four sordarin derivatives (GM 191519, GM 237354, GM 193663, and GM 219771) have been evaluated by a new quantitative approach and compared with the commercially available drugs pentamidine, atovaquone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). In vitro activities and in vivo therapeutic efficacies of sordarin derivatives against P. carinii were also evaluated. In vitro activity was determined by the broth microdilution technique, comparing the total number of microorganisms in treated and drug-free cultures by using Giemsa staining. The in vitro maximum effect (E max ), the drug concentrations to reach 50% of E max (EC 50 ), and the slope of the dose-response curve were then estimated by the Hill equation (

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Sordarin Derivatives in Comparison with Those of Marketed Compounds against Pneumocystis carinii Isolated from Rats

Aviles¹,

Aliouat

Martı́nez³

et al. 2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The founding fathers of the three Rs summarized these points by saying "The greatest scientific experiments have always been the most humane and the most aesthetically attractive, conveying a sense of beauty and elegance which is the essence of science at its most successful" (3). Validating this idea, the Rodent Protection Test Working Party reported that the refinement of lethal infection models with nonlethal humane endpoints has "not affected the utility of the results obtained", although supporting data did not accompany the statement (9).…”

Section: The Pros and Cons Of Humane Endpoints In Shock Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humane Endpoints in Shock Research

Nemzek¹,

Hong

Minard

et al. 2004

Shock

134

114

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In biomedical research using animal models, the phrase "humane endpoints" refers to predetermined criteria used to judge when the research animals should be humanely euthanized. The intended goal of humane endpoints is to minimize the distress or suffering of research animals; however, if applied incorrectly, this well-intended concept could lead to premature decisions and inaccurate data, resulting in a waste of animal life. A concensus on specific endpoints for shock and inflammation research is not available but several biochemical, physical and behavioral parameters have been suggested for other research models. In addition, the authors have found, in the studies presented here, that increasing body weight, decreased body temperature, and inability to ambulate are important parameters in a model of cecal ligation and puncture. However, it is clear that the applicability of these endpoints may change with the model of disease, intensity of insults, experimental treatments and other factors. Consequently, humane endpoints should be assigned cautiously and preferably after preliminary studies to prevent aberrant research results. In order to accomplish this, investigators must become aware of certain concepts including: when to implement endpoints, what endpoints to consider, and how to establish the endpoints for their studies. Equipped with the basic principles of humane endpoints, investigators can make informed decisions that meet current standards of animal care while still achieving the scientific goals of their research studies.

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“…Surprisingly, in some animals, weight loss reached 30 to 50% shortly before death. It was also found that body temperature (measured by transponders) always decreased; however, a significant change was observed only in the terminal stages of infection and so, unlike other studies (Acred et al 1994;Soothill et al 1992), body temperature was not a useful early discriminating parameter. It was important that staff observing the animals could reliably score their condition.…”

Section: Rabies Vaccine Potency Test: Examplementioning

confidence: 70%