Guidelines for Saliva Nomenclature and Collection

Atkinson, Jane C.; Dawes, C.; Ericson, Tobias; Fox, Philip C.; Gandara, Beatrice K.; Malamud, Daniel; Mandel, Irwin D.; Navazesh, Mahvash; Tabak, Lawrence A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18335.x

Cited by 41 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Saliva is a clear mixture of extracellular secretions produced by salivary glands in the mouth that consists of approximately 99% water, while the remaining components consist of electrolytes, mucus, and protein including antimicrobial agents such as IgA and IgG 6 – 8 . It is a noninvasive alternative sample source that offers the flexibility of self-collection and home-based collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity

Thomas

Karger

Altawallbeh

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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We assessed the feasibility of a highly sensitive immunoassay method based on single molecule array (Simoa) technology to detect IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) in saliva from individuals with natural or vaccine-induced COVID-19 immunity. The performance of the method was compared to a laboratory-developed SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paired serum and saliva specimens were collected from individuals (n = 40) prior to and 2 weeks after receiving an initial prime COVID-19 vaccine dose (Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273). Saliva was collected using a commercially available collection device (OraSure Inc.) and SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies were measured by an indirect ELISA using concentrated saliva samples and a Simoa immunoassay using unconcentrated saliva samples. The IgG results were compared with paired serum specimens that were analyzed for total RBD antibodies using the ELISA method. The analytical sensitivity of the saliva-based Simoa immunoassay was five orders of magnitude higher than the ELISA assay: 0.24 pg/mL compared to 15 ng/mL. The diagnostic sensitivity of the saliva ELISA method was 90% (95% CI 76.3–97.2%) compared to 91.7% (95% CI 77.5–98.2%) for the Simoa immunoassay without total IgG-normalization and 100% (95% CI 90.3–100%) for the Simoa immunoassay after total IgG-normalization when compared to the serum ELISA assay. When analyzed using the SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibody ELISA, the average relative increase in antibody index (AI) between the saliva of the post- and pre-vaccinated individuals was 8.7 (AIpost/pre). An average relative increase of 431 pg/mL was observed when the unconcentrated saliva specimens were analyzed using the Simoa immunoassay (SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgGpost/pre). These findings support the suitability of concentrated saliva specimens for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies via ELISA, and unconcentrated saliva specimens for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG and IgA using an ultrasensitive Simoa immunoassay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity

Thomas

Karger

Altawallbeh

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…This review will use the term ‘oral fluid’ as defined by Atkinson et al . (1993): ‘The fluid obtained by insertion of absorptive collectors into the mouth’.…”

Section: Oral Fluids As a Diagnostic Specimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, the MEDLINE ® database was searched (title and abstract fields) on 24 October 2020 for refereed scientific publications containing the following searching terms: (‘saliva*’ or ‘oral fluid*’ or ‘oral swab*’) and (‘qpcr*’ or ‘quantitative pcr*’ or ‘real time pcr*’ or ‘real-time pcr*’ or ‘realtime pcr’ or ‘RT-qPCR’ or ‘qRT-PCR’ or ‘real time RT-PCR’ or ‘real-time RT-PCR’ or ‘realtime RT-PCR’) not (review[Publication Type]). Articles were excluded if not written in English, if not applicable to non-human vertebrate animals, if the oral fluid specimen was not collected by insertion of an absorptive collector into the mouth (Atkinson et al ., 1993), or if only components of oral fluids, e.g. microorganisms, biofilms, salivary extracellular vesicles, were evaluated.…”

Section: Internal Reference Genes In Oral Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More accurately, saliva is the fluid produced by salivary glands whereas oral fluid is a composite of saliva, serum transudate, mucosal cells and cellular debris, microorganisms, digestive enzymes, and food residues (Schramm et al, 1993;Crouch, 2005;Cone and Huestis, 2007). This review will use the term 'oral fluid' as defined by Atkinson et al (1993): 'The fluid obtained by insertion of absorptive collectors into the mouth'.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens

Cheng

Zimmerman

Giménez-Lirola

2022

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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In basic research, testing of oral fluid specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to evaluate changes in gene expression levels following experimental treatments. In diagnostic medicine, qPCR has been used to detect DNA/RNA transcripts indicative of bacterial or viral infections. Normalization of qPCR using endogenous and exogenous reference genes is a well-established strategy for ensuring result comparability by controlling sample-to-sample variation introduced during sampling, storage, and qPCR testing. In this review, the majority of recent publications in human (n = 136) and veterinary (n = 179) medicine did not describe the use of internal reference genes in qPCRs for oral fluid specimens (52.9% animal studies; 57.0% human studies). However, the use of endogenous reference genes has not been fully explored or validated for oral fluid specimens. The lack of valid internal reference genes inherent to the oral fluid matrix will continue to hamper the reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of oral fluid qPCR assays until this issue is addressed.

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Speichel als Matrix für das Humanbiomonitoring in der Arbeits‐ und Umweltmedizin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]

Michalke

Roßbach

Göen

et al. 2016

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Saliva as a matrix for human biomonitoring in occupational and environmental medicine Purpose : Human biomonitoring (HBM) implies the assessment of internal exposure to hazardous substances by measuring the substances, their metabolites or reaction products, as well as effect parameters in human body fluids. Along with blood, plasma and urine, saliva is of increasing interest as an alternative matrix for HBM. Methods : This paper reviews studies that measure salivary background levels of hazardous substances, elevated levels after environmental or occupational exposure, as well as references which deal with physiological and toxicokinetic behaviour of saliva and salivary parameters, respectively. Results : The studies revealed that the determination of biomarkers in saliva is a promising approach for HBM, even if only few substances showed a satisfying correlation with exposure data or established biomonitoring matrices such as blood, plasma and urine. Saliva has been proven to be particularly suitable for substances of low molecular weight such as organic solvents, selected pesticides, cotinine, and for some specific trace elements. Besides several advantages, serious problems and limitations were identified. Above all, the complex interactions between substance properties, sampling procedure, sample preparation, measurement techniques or individual factors, and the salivary analyte level are discussed. Conclusions : A major conclusion of the review is that more scientific studies are needed in order to systematically collect data on parameters, influencing salivary analyte levels. Crucially required is a harmonisation of the sampling as well as the sample preparation techniques and procedures, which is indispensable to achieve an overall comparability and interpretability of salivary biomarker levels.

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Guidelines for Saliva Nomenclature and Collection

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity

Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity

Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens

Speichel als Matrix für das Humanbiomonitoring in der Arbeits‐ und Umweltmedizin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]

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