“…Indeed, the oldest justification for above-level testing (Terman, 1926) was that it was needed to examine the abilities of children because regular tests were too easy for the gifted. Although the reasoning is old, the claim that above-level testing is needed to raise the test ceiling and examine students' real abilities has been echoed in more recent times (e.g., Assouline, Colangelo, LupkowskiShoplik, Lipscomb, & Forstadt, 2009;Feldhusen, Proctor, & Black, 2002;Olszewski-Kubilius & Kulieke, 2008;Rogers, 2002;Stanley, 1977). In fact, raising the test ceiling is the most commonly stated rationale for above-level testing.…”