Guidelines and recommendations for tonometry use during the COVID-19 era

Almazyad, Enmar; Ameen, Sally; Khan, Muhammad Haroon; Malik, Rizwan

doi:10.4103/meajo.meajo_237_20

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although sodium hypochlorite is a likely disinfectant for prisms, disposable prisms are recommended when performing Goldmann applanation tonometry when possible. 46 Equipment and surfaces should be disinfected with a virucidal agent in between each patient examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eye on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of Positive Conjunctival Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction and SARS-CoV-2 Conjunctivitis Prevalence

Sopp¹,

Sharda²

2021

Optom Vis Sci

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SIGNIFICANCE This analysis and review demonstrate that, although emerging data indicate that the prevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the ocular surface and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) conjunctivitis is rare, the ocular surface remains of interest as a potential inoculation and transmission site for SARS-CoV-2. Continued safety precautions should be taken as more data become available. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a novel, global pandemic that has infected millions and, up to this point, caused more than two million fatalities worldwide. The ocular surface has become of interest as a possible vector for transmission by acting as a direct inoculation site, being a conduit for the virus into the respiratory system or as a method of transmission from potentially infected conjunctiva or tears. The components necessary for SARS-CoV-2 to theoretically infect ocular tissues are present: binding receptors (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and cluster of differentiation 147) and mechanisms for cell entry (transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsin L). This meta-analysis of COVID-19 prevalence data indicates that SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been infrequently found in conjunctival samples when tested with reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. This review estimates the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 on the ocular surface and prevalence of conjunctivitis in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. There is much to be learned regarding ocular tropism of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eye on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of Positive Conjunctival Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction and SARS-CoV-2 Conjunctivitis Prevalence

Sopp¹,

Sharda²

2021

Optom Vis Sci

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“…Comparison studies between three NTC devices showed that, when taking GAT as the gold standard and aiming to detect IOP > 21 mmHg, sensitivities greatly differed from 40%, 48% and 80%, which showed that NCT readings are device dependent and that devices require regular calibration [ 38 ]. Although NCT offers a non-contact mode of measuring that limits the risk of infection due to contaminated drops or Goldmann prisms, the risk of air-borne infection could be greater considering the air-puff nature, which should be considered in the midst of the recent COVID era [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Non-contact Tonometry (Air-puff Tonometry)mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Measure Intraocular Pressure: An Updated Review of Various Tonometers

Brusini

Salvetat

Zeppieri

2021

JCM

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Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important measurement that needs to be taken during ophthalmic examinations, especially in ocular hypertension subjects, glaucoma patients and in patients with risk factors for developing glaucoma. The gold standard technique in measuring IOP is still Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT); however, this procedure requires local anesthetics, can be difficult in patients with scarce compliance, surgical patients and children, and is influenced by several corneal parameters. Numerous tonometers have been proposed in the past to address the problems related to GAT. The authors review the various devices currently in use for the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), highlighting the main advantages and limits of the various tools. The continuous monitoring of IOP, which is still under evaluation, will be an important step for a more complete and reliable management of patients affected by glaucoma.

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“…Unlike adenovirus and herpes simplex virus 1, SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility via the ocular surface remains equivocal [ 36 ▪ ]. Nonetheless, glaucoma practices have widely adopted the use of disposable diagnostic instruments during the pandemic to avoid potential contamination [ 37 ▪ – 39 ▪ ].…”

Section: Improving Glaucoma Carementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a survey of the American Glaucoma Society membership conducted prior to the pandemic, 98% (193 of 197) of glaucoma specialists preferred GAT over other methods of IOP measurement, and 55% (109 of 197) were exclusively using single-use disposable GAT tips [ 41 ▪ ]. Disposable GAT tips are available from multiple manufacturers (Tonosafe, Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland; Tonomate, Keeler, Ltd, Windsor, UK; Tonoclear, Keeler, Ltd, Windsor, UK; Tonojet, Luneau, Pont-de-l’Arche, France) and are cost-effective considering the additional expense associated with disinfecting reusable GAT tips [ 36 ▪ ]. Disposable GAT tips demonstrate reasonable correlation with reusable GAT tips for IOP within the normal range [ 42 – 44 ] and are more reliable than alternative methods of contact tonometry, including Icare (Icare Finland Oy, Vantaa, Finland) and Tono-Pen (Reichert, Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA) [ 44 ], which employ disposable probes and tip covers, respectively.…”

Section: Improving Glaucoma Carementioning

confidence: 99%

How glaucoma care changed for the better after the pandemic

Vinod

Sidoti

2021

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of review The current article reviews enhancements to the delivery of glaucoma care that developed in response to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and are likely to persist beyond its resolution. Recent findings Literature from the review period (2020–2021) includes reports highlighting contributions of the ophthalmology community to global health during the pandemic. Glaucoma practices worldwide have instituted more robust infection control measures to mitigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission in the outpatient setting, and many of these modifications will endure in the post-COVID era. Operational adjustments have led to the provision of more efficient glaucoma care. A hybrid care model involving technician-based diagnostic testing and subsequent virtual consultation with a glaucoma specialist has evolved as a useful adjunct to traditional face-to-face encounters with patients. Summary Glaucoma specialists, patients, and staff have adapted to a ‘new normal’ of glaucoma care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although innovation has propelled several improvements to glaucoma care during this global health crisis, significant barriers to more widespread implementation of teleglaucoma still exist. Whether, and in what capacity, the pandemic has permanently altered glaucoma practice patterns remains to be seen.

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Guidelines and recommendations for tonometry use during the COVID-19 era

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

An Eye on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of Positive Conjunctival Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction and SARS-CoV-2 Conjunctivitis Prevalence

An Eye on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of Positive Conjunctival Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction and SARS-CoV-2 Conjunctivitis Prevalence

How to Measure Intraocular Pressure: An Updated Review of Various Tonometers

How glaucoma care changed for the better after the pandemic

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