Guide for the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome tests for bacterial mutagenicity

Claxton, Larry D.; Allen, Jane S.; Auletta, Angela E.; Mortelmans, Kristien; Nestmann, Earle R.; Zeiger, Errol

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(87)90014-0

Cited by 111 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The differences between the revertant colonies of the test groups and the control group were tested with Games-Howel test at 95% confidence level. Doses higher than the mean of the control group and consequent mutagenic condition were defined as ''mutagenic,'' whereas an increase in dose approaching to, but not reaching a twofold increase was defined as ''weak mutagenic'' (Claxton et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil ofPerovskia atriplicifolia. from Pakistan

Erdemgil

İlhan

Korkmaz

et al. 2007

Pharmaceutical Biology

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The current study describes the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, mutagenic, and antimutagenic activity of Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. essential oil, collected in Pakistan. The sample of essential oil was obtained from aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. From the 18 compounds identified, the major compounds were camphor (28.91%), limonene (16.72%), a-globulol (10.21%), trans-caryophyllene (9.30%), and a-humulene (9.25%). Antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using agar diffusion method and agar dilution method. The antimicrobial test results showed that the oil had a significant potential antimicrobial activity against 10 bacteria and 5 fungal strains. Furthermore, the mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of the oil was investigated through the Salmonella=microsome test system, with and without S9 metabolic fraction in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. None of the tested concentrations of oil was found mutagenic. However, all tested concentrations did show an increase in antimutagenic activity with or without S9 fraction against 2-aminofluorene and daunomicina, but not sodium azide. Results presented here suggest that the essential oil of P. atriplicifolia possesses antimicrobial properties and is therefore a potential source of antimicrobial ingredients for the food and pharmaceutical industry. In addition, that it also has antimutagenic activity raises the importance of this essential oil in this area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contents were then mixed and poured onto agar plates. After 72 h of incubation, revertant colonies were counted by the method suggested by Claxton et al (1987). At least six plates were used for each dose with S9 fraction and at least 10 plates were used for each dose without S9 fraction.…”

Section: Mutagenicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil ofPerovskia atriplicifolia. from Pakistan

Erdemgil

İlhan

Korkmaz

et al. 2007

Pharmaceutical Biology

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“…and correlation coefficients (r 2 ) derived from the calculation of the specific mutagenic activity. The following criteria [30,31] are considered to establish a positive mutagenic response: (i) threefold increase in the number of His revertants in plates with test compound as compared to the negative control (DMSO), (ii) ascending dose-response behaviour and . The standard protocol outlined by Ames and coworkers was followed using the S. typhimurium strain TA98 [22,23].…”

Section: Mutagenicity Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Di-epoxides of the three isomeric dicyclopenta-fused pyrenes: ultimate mutagenic active agents

Otero-Lobato

Kaats-Richters

Havenith

et al. 2004

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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To rationalize the high bacterial mutagenic response recently found for the (di-) cyclopenta-fused pyrene congeners, viz. cyclopenta[cd]-(1), dicyclopenta[cd,mn]-(2), dicyclopenta[cd,fg]-(3) and dicyclopenta [cd,jk]pyrene (4), in the presence of a metabolic activation mixture (S9-mix), their (di-)epoxides at the externally fused unsaturated five-membered rings were previously proposed as the ultimate mutagenic active forms. In this study, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene-3,4-epoxide (5) and the novel dicyclopenta[cd,mn]pyrene-1,2,4,5-di-epoxide (6), dicyclopenta[cd,fg]pyrene-5,6,7,8-di-epoxide (7) and dicyclopenta[cd,jk]pyrene-1,2,6,7-di-epoxide (8) were synthesised from 1 to 4, respectively, and subsequently assayed for bacterial mutagenicity in the standard microsomal/histidine reverse mutation assay (Ames-assay with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98). The di-epoxides 6-8 are present as a mixture of their cis-and trans-stereo-isomers in a close to 1:1 ratio ( 1 H NMR spectroscopy and ab initio IGLO/III//RHF/6-31G** calculations). The direct-acting mutagenic activity and the strong cytotoxicity exerted by 5-8 both in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (±S9-mix) demonstrate that the ultimate mutagenic active forms are the proposed (di-)epoxides of 1-4.

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“…The following criteria taken from the literature [32,33] were used to establish a mutagenic response: (i) three-fold increase in the number of revertants in treated plates as compared to the negative control; (ii) ascending dose-response behaviour and (iii) replication of results in at least two independent experiments. The three-fold increase criterion alone is considered b In another study in which S. typhimurium TA98 was used, the specific mutagenic activity of B[a]P was determined at different microsomal protein content in the S9-mix [31].…”

Section: Mutagenicity Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial mutagenicity of the three isomeric dicyclopenta-fused pyrenes: the effects of dicyclopenta topology

Otero-Lobato

Jenneskens

Seinen

2004

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (1) and its congeners dicyclopenta [cd,mn]-(2), dicyclopenta [cd,fg]-(3), dicyclopenta [cd,jk]pyrene (4), which were all identified as constituents of combustion exhausts, as well as their partially hydrogenated derivatives 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[cd]-(5), 1,2,4,5-tetrahydrodicyclopenta[cd,mn]-(6), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodicyclopenta[cd,fg]- (7) and 1,2,6,7-tetrahydrodicyclopenta[cd,jk]pyrene (8), were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 using different concentrations of microsomal protein in the metabolic activation system (S9-mix, with S9-fraction from liver of Aroclor-1254-treated rats: 2, 4 and 10% (v/v), respectively). Whereas a positive mutagenic response is found for 1-4 in the presence of S9-mix, 5-8 exert no mutagenicity either with or without S9-mix. Since for 1-4 the highest response is observed with S9-mix 2% (v/v) instead of the standard 4% (v/v), a one-step activation pathway, i.e. epoxidation of the five-membered ring olefinic bonds, appears to be operational. Surprisingly, 3 and, to a lesser extent, 2 (11.7 versus 4.2 His revertants/nmol) also give a positive response in the absence of S9-mix. Hence, 2 and 3 are expected to contribute to the direct-acting mutagenicity of the non-polar fraction of combustion exhausts. Presumably for the direct-acting mutagenicity one-electron transfer processes play a role in bioactivation. The experimental observations are supported by semi-empirical AM1 calculations on the possible ultimate metabolites, i.e. mono-epoxides (2a-4a), cis-di-epoxides (2b-4b) and trans-di-epoxides (2c-4c) and the related mono-hydroxy carbocations (2d-4d and 2e-4e), and the radical anions 1 •− -4 •− .

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Guide for the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome tests for bacterial mutagenicity

Cited by 111 publications

References 12 publications

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil ofPerovskia atriplicifolia. from Pakistan

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil ofPerovskia atriplicifolia. from Pakistan

Di-epoxides of the three isomeric dicyclopenta-fused pyrenes: ultimate mutagenic active agents

Bacterial mutagenicity of the three isomeric dicyclopenta-fused pyrenes: the effects of dicyclopenta topology

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