Guidance for Designing Safety into Urban Air Mobility: Hazard Analysis Techniques

Graydon, Mallory; Neogi, Natasha A.; Wasson, Kimberly S.

doi:10.2514/6.2020-2099

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Valid concerns about the safety of UAM users, other airspace users, and bystanders (i.e., people flown over on the ground) could present safety risks and barriers to adoption. Aviation safety is supported by a robust policy and regulatory environment governing aircraft and airworthiness; operations (including crew requirements); and access to airspace [27]. Civil aviation authorities have a number of tools, such as certification, operational approvals, airspace access, and others to promote safety.…”

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few key areas include issuing and enforcing regulations, advisories, guidance, means of compliance, and minimum standards: • Governing the manufacturing, operation, and maintenance of aircraft; • Certifying pilots, aircrew, maintenance, and other personnel; • Certifying aviation facilities; and • Operating a network of air navigation, airspace, and air traffic management facilities, including developing air traffic rules and assigning the use of airspace. This broad regulatory scope provides a toolbox of approaches that civil aviation authorities can use to manage and promote the safety of all stakeholders [3], [27][28][29][30]. In addition to national civil aviation authorities, state and local governments can promote safety through land use and zoning, building and fire codes, and law enforcement operations.…”

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six system-wide, safety-critical risks that will need to be addressed (see [16], [27]) include: • Flight outside approved airspace; • Unsafe proximity to people and/or property; • Critical system failure (e.g., degraded or loss of command and control, GPS; engine failure; etc. ); • Loss of control (e.g., flight control system failure); • Cybersecurity risks; and • Hull loss.…”

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts are underway to identify and address regulatory and safety challenges for emerging aviation technologies, such as: • Autonomy and Highly Complex Software: Machine learning and other algorithms are non-deterministic, which means that even for the same input, the algorithm may exhibit different behaviors on different runs [3], [27]. • Electric Propulsion and Energy Storage: Both propulsion and energy storage may pose a variety of challenges.…”

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Electric Propulsion and Energy Storage: Both propulsion and energy storage may pose a variety of challenges. More research is needed to understand a variety of risks associated with aircraft electrification [3], [27]. • Unmanned and Optionally Piloted Aircraft: In order for UAM aircraft to operate autonomously, there are a number of operational risks, such as physical security, operational procedures, cybersecurity and unmanned traffic management that will need to be considered as part of airworthiness [3], [27].…”

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Urban Air Mobility: History, Ecosystem, Market Potential, and Challenges

Cohen

Shaheen

Farrar

2021

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

199

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Since the early 20 th century, inventors have conceptualized "plane cars" and other urban aerial transportation. Emerging innovations in electrification, automation, and other technologies are enabling new opportunities for on-demand air mobility, business models, and aircraft design. Urban air mobility (UAM) envisions a safe, sustainable, affordable, and accessible air transportation system for passenger mobility, goods delivery, and emergency services within or traversing metropolitan areas. This research employed a multi-method approach comprised of 106 interviews with thought leaders and two stakeholder workshops to construct the history, ecosystem, state of the industry, and potential evolution of UAM. The history, current developments, and anticipated milestones of UAM can be classified into six phases: 1) "flying car" concepts from the early 1910s to 1950s, 2) early UAM operations using scheduled helicopter services from the 1950s to 1980s, 3) reemergence of on-demand services starting in the 2010s, 4) corridor services using vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) envisioned for the 2020s, 5) hub and spoke services, and 6) point-to-point services. In the future, UAM could face several barriers to growth and mainstreaming, such as the existing regulatory environment; community acceptance; and concerns about safety, noise, social equity, and environmental impacts. UAM also could be limited by infrastructure and airspace management needs, as well as business model constraints. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research on sustainability, social and economic impacts, airspace integration, and other topics. Index Terms-advanced air mobility (AAM), automation, electrification, flying cars, helicopters, on-demand air mobility, rural air mobility, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft (UA), urban air mobility (UAM), vertical take-off and land (VTOL)The authors would like to thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Toyota Motor Corporation for their generous support of this research.

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Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Safety and The Regulatory Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Urban Air Mobility: History, Ecosystem, Market Potential, and Challenges

Cohen

Shaheen

Farrar

2021

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

199

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Computational modelling of the crushing of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites

Falzon

2022

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The use of lightweight carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites in transportation vehicles has necessitated the need to guarantee that these new materials and their structures are able to deliver a sufficient level of crashworthiness to ensure passenger safety. Unlike their metallic counterparts, which absorb energy primarily through plastic deformation, CFRPs absorb energy through a complex interaction of damage mechanisms involving matrix (polymer) cracking, fibre/matrix debonding, fibre pull-out/kinking/fracture, delamination and inter/intralaminar friction. CFRP is primarily deployed as a laminate and can potentially deliver a higher specific energy absorption than metals. Translating this capability to a structural scale requires careful design and is dependent on geometry, fibre architecture, laminate stacking sequence and damage initiation strategies for optimal uniform crushing. Consequently, the design of crashworthy CFRP structures currently entails extensive physical testing which is expensive and time consuming. This paper reports on progress and challenges in the development of a finite-element computational capability for simulating the crushing of composites for crashworthiness assessments, with the aim of reducing the burden of physical testing. It addresses the ‘tyranny of scales’ in modelling structures constructed of CFRP composites. Intrinsic to this capability is the acquisition of reliable material data for the damage model, in particular interlaminar and intralaminar fracture toughness values. While quasi-static values can be obtained with a reasonable level of confidence, results achieved through dynamic testing are still the subject of debate and the relationship between fracture toughness and strain rate has yet to be satisfactorily resolved. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nanocracks in nature and industry’.

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Conceptual design and analysis of a box fan-in-split-wing tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft

Oyama,

Rostami,

Chung

2024

AEAT

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Purpose With the advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft technology such as batteries, mechanisms, motors, configurations and so on, designers and engineers are encouraged to create unique and unconventional configurations of eVTOL aircraft to provide better capabilities and higher efficiencies to compete in the market. The box fan-in-split-wing tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft is an innovative design that aims to address the aerodynamic inefficiencies such as propeller effects in cruise and engine mounts drag that existed in traditional eVTOL aircraft designs such as vectored thrust, rotorcraft, lift + cruise and multi-copter configurations. This paper aims to propose a multi-disciplinary design process to conceptually design the box fan-in-split-wing Tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft. Design/methodology/approach An unconventional methodology was used to design the UAM aircraft, and the following parameters are considered: capable of vertical take-off and landing, highly aerodynamic with a high lift-to-drag ratio, low Cd0 modern and appealing, rechargeable or battery swappable and feature to minimise or negate propeller drag. A heavy emphasis on improving performance and weight based on aerodynamics was enforced during the conceptual design phase. MAPLA and XFOIL were used to identify the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft. Findings Upon determining the key parameters and the mission requirements and objectives, a list of possible VTOL configurations was derived from theoretical and existing designs. The fan in the wing/split wing was selected, as it could stow the propellers. A tiltrotor configuration was selected because of its ability to reduce the total number of lift props/motors, reducing powerplant weight and improving aerodynamic efficiency. For the propulsion configuration, a battery–motor configuration with a hexa-rotor layout was chosen because of its ability to complement the planform of the aircraft, providing redundant motors in case of failure and because of its reliability, efficiency and lack of emissions. Coupled with the fan-in-wing / split wing concept, the box wing seamlessly combines all chosen configurations. Originality/value The box fan-in-split-wing Tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft aims to address the aerodynamic inefficiencies of earlier designs such as propeller effects in cruise and engine mounts drag. The potential benefits of this aircraft, such as increased range, endurance and payload capacity, make it an exciting prospect in the field of Urban Air Mobility.

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Guidance for Designing Safety into Urban Air Mobility: Hazard Analysis Techniques

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Urban Air Mobility: History, Ecosystem, Market Potential, and Challenges

Urban Air Mobility: History, Ecosystem, Market Potential, and Challenges

Computational modelling of the crushing of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites

Conceptual design and analysis of a box fan-in-split-wing tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft

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