Guayule Rubber: Microbiological Improvement by Shrub Retting

Allen, Paul; Emerson, Ralph

doi:10.1021/ie50470a025

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Thermophilic fungi are the chief components of the microflora that develops in heaped masses of plant material, piles of agricultural and forestry products, and other accumulations of organic matter wherein the warm, humid, and aerobic environment provides the basic conditions for their development (10,172). They constitute a heterogeneous physiological group of various genera in the Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Mycelia Sterilia (182).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Maheshwari

Bharadwaj

Bhat

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

651

380

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SUMMARY Thermophilic fungi are a small assemblage in mycota that have a minimum temperature of growth at or above 20°C and a maximum temperature of growth extending up to 60 to 62°C. As the only representatives of eukaryotic organisms that can grow at temperatures above 45°C, the thermophilic fungi are valuable experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms that allow growth at moderately high temperature yet limit their growth beyond 60 to 62°C. Although widespread in terrestrial habitats, they have remained underexplored compared to thermophilic species of eubacteria and archaea. However, thermophilic fungi are potential sources of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests. This review, for the first time, compiles information on the physiology and enzymes of thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic fungi can be grown in minimal media with metabolic rates and growth yields comparable to those of mesophilic fungi. Studies of their growth kinetics, respiration, mixed-substrate utilization, nutrient uptake, and protein breakdown rate have provided some basic information not only on thermophilic fungi but also on filamentous fungi in general. Some species have the ability to grow at ambient temperatures if cultures are initiated with germinated spores or mycelial inoculum or if a nutritionally rich medium is used. Thermophilic fungi have a powerful ability to degrade polysaccharide constituents of biomass. The properties of their enzymes show differences not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Their extracellular enzymes display temperature optima for activity that are close to or above the optimum temperature for the growth of organism and, in general, are more heat stable than those of the mesophilic fungi. Some extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi are being produced commercially, and a few others have commercial prospects. Genes of thermophilic fungi encoding lipase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase have been cloned and overexpressed in heterologous fungi, and pure crystalline proteins have been obtained for elucidation of the mechanisms of their intrinsic thermostability and catalysis. By contrast, the thermal stability of the few intracellular enzymes that have been purified is comparable to or, in some cases, lower than that of enzymes from the mesophilic fungi. Although rigorous data are lacking, it appears that eukaryotic thermophily involves several mechanisms of stabilization of enzymes or optimization of their activity, with different mechanisms operating for different enzymes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Maheshwari

Bharadwaj

Bhat

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

651

380

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“…When the plants are removed from their field environment there begins a myriad of complex changes which vary in their rate and extent directly with the intensity of the surrounding physical and biologic factors. The authors, while reviewing past experimental work (2,8) preliminary to the development of an over-all plan for process research and development, noted occasional references to the milling of freshly harvested shrub without any conditioning. In addition, the work carried out in the development of pilot plant control (12) demonstrated that recoveries of about 90% of the rubber hydrocarbon could be obiained from fresh shrub fairly easily.…”

Section: Crudementioning

confidence: 99%

Rubber Recovery from Freshly Harvested Guayule

Taylor¹,

Chubb²

1952

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…Thermophilic aerobic micro-organisms are physiologically very active and are capable of producing several thermostable enzymes responsible for decomposition of cellulose and to a great extent lignin into simpler compounds. Thermophilic fungi are the chief components of the microflora that develops in heaped masses of plant material, piles of agricultural and forestry products and other accumulations of organic matter wherein the warm, humid, and aerobic environment provides the basic conditions for their development (Allen et al, 1949). Furthermore, compost has a high nutritional value with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low (Asghar et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Enzymes in Predominant Thermophilic Fungi Available From Organic Substrates

Birajdar

Bhale

2021

int.jour.sci.res.mana.

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Present investigation describes that the study site comes under Aurangabad Division Maharashtra and it falls in Deccan Plateau Zone of India. It was collected different types of organic substrates viz. vermiompost, poultary manure, baggase, farm yard manure (FYM), soil, Ash etc. Isolated thermophilic predominant fungi thermophilic fungi viz.Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo,Humicola insolens,Trichoderma harzianum,T. viride,Penicillium duponti,Fusarium oxysporun and Chaetomium thermophilum were carried out for the production of enzymes. Isolated predominant thermophilic fungi were evaluated on different types of enzymes. Among tested thermophilic fungi, the highest ativity was observed in C. thermophilium (20mm) followed by T. harzianum (19.50mm) In lipase, M. mucedo (15.40mm) was found maximum followed by F. oxysporun. Cellulase activity was found highest in A. nige (25mm) followed by others. In case of xylanase, catalase, peroxidase and esterase activities were found maximum, minimum and medium even negative in some fungi. Maximum pectinase activity was detected from H. insolens (52.26 @ 0 min) and (74.25 @ 10 min) and in case of M. mucedo, F. oxysporun and C. thermophilium was found most extreme while least in A. niger (30.12) and P. duponti (33.47) @ 0 minute. Key words: Organic Substrates, Thermophilic Fungi, Enzymes

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Guayule Rubber: Microbiological Improvement by Shrub Retting

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Rubber Recovery from Freshly Harvested Guayule

Production of Enzymes in Predominant Thermophilic Fungi Available From Organic Substrates

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