Guarding Antarctic from Global Warming is the Key to Pristine Urban Communities

The role of Malaysia under the Antarctic Treaty and Madrid Protocol

“…Therefore, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is formally adopted in Madrid in October 1991 and has entered into force on 14 January 1998 [23], [24], [25] [26]. According to the Article 7 in the Madrid Protocol, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty has a nature of complementing the Antarctic Treaty and serve as a main tool in environmental management under the Treaty [27], [28].…”

“…Moreover, the Protocol is under the jurisdictions of the Treaty whereby the Treaty has the power to modify or alter the Protocol and acts as the first mechanism of international agreement that provides comprehensive and legally binding rules and procedures to be taken to perform any activities in the continent's environment [29], [30]. According to Shah and Rahman [25], the Madrid Protocol has been praised by environmentalists for the achievement in banning any mining or drilling activities in Antarctica and the success was known as 'a historical landmark in environmental protection'.…”

Public Perceptions of Antarctic Values: Shaping Future Environmental Protection Policy

“…The reason of ineffectiveness of the decision making process are due to the priority given when adoption of international environmental policies (Shah, & Hamisah, 2012). The adoption gives preference to economic development rather than a sustainable approach to balanced economic development with environmental protection (Ainul, 2005) as desire and demanded by the public.…”