“…It is verified that the construction of a heterostructure is a viable and efficient way to improve HER performance. Nevertheless, most studies focus on the HER characteristics at low current density, e.g., 10 and 100 mA/cm 2 , which falls short of addressing the practical application at high current operation [23,24]. In addition, in the case of above nanoparticle-type electrocatalysts, binders were needed to immobilize the particles onto a current collector, which possesses, however, several drawbacks, such as restricting exposure of the active sites, impeding mass transport, and obstructing electron transfer that reduce the overall HER performance [25,26].…”