Guanidinoacetic acid as a novel food for skeletal muscle health

Ostojić, Sergej M.; Prémusz, Viktória; Nagy, Dóra; Ács, Pongrác

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104129

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This finding is probably related to the potential for ruminal degradation and utilization of GAA in rumen microbiota from different ruminant hosts (20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Bulls have high muscle growth efficiency and are favored by Chinese farmers than cows (18). Mature male animals have a higher metabolic efficiency and daily energy consumption than female animals (2,4,24,28), which is closely related to basal metabolic rate (BMR).…”

Section: Gaa On Growth and Feed Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Cr, which is converted from GAA, can combine with a hydrate to creatine monohydrate (CMH) or with a phosphate radical to create PCr; this enhances meat quality by binding intracellular hydrates and delaying glycolysis (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(14)(15)(16). Finally, GAA could regulate pancreatic secretions, stimulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) release and decreasing glucose concentration in the blood (17)(18)(19). Therefore, GAA in the diet is beneficial for animal health, and improves feed efficiency and meat quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid on the Feed Efficiency, Blood Measures, and Meat Quality of Jinjiang Bulls

Liang

Xin

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing the diet of Jinjiang bulls with guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on their feed efficiency [feed efficiency were evaluated with feedlot average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G)], blood measures, and meat quality. Forty-five Jinjiang bulls (24 ± 3 months old and 350.15 ± 30.39 kg by weight) were randomly distributed among five experimental groups (each n = 9) and each group was randomly fed with one of five diets (concentrate: roughage ratio of 60:40): (1) control; (2) 0.05% GAA; (3) 0.1% GAA; (4) 0.2% GAA; and (5) 0.4% GAA, respectively. After a 52-days feeding trial, five bulls from the control group and five bulls from the optimal GAA supplementing group were randomly selected and slaughtered for collection of the longissimus thoracis (LT) and semitendinosus (SM) muscles to determine meat quality. The results showed that dietary GAA improved the ADG, decreased the value of F:G, and affected blood measures and antioxidant variables. Supplementing 0.2% GAA into the diet was optimal for feeding efficiency and most of the measured blood measures. Supplementing 0.2% GAA into the diet increased the a* (redness) values, and b* (yellowness) values, and the amount of creatine kinase (CK), muscle glycogen, creatinine (CRE), and laminin (LN) in LT muscles. However, it decreased the drip loss, L* (lightness) value, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content of LT muscles. Drip loss and shear force decreased in SM muscles, as did the amount of type IV collagen (CV–IV). In conclusion, supplementing 0.2% GAA into the diet could enhance feed efficiency to improve beef growth and meat quality.

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Section: Gaa On Growth and Feed Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid on the Feed Efficiency, Blood Measures, and Meat Quality of Jinjiang Bulls

Liang

Xin

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…During the past decade, studies in healthy humans evaluated the effectiveness and safety of supplemental GAA when administered solely or combined with other nutrients [ 31 , 32 , 33 ], the dose-response effects of GAA [ 34 , 35 ], and the impact of dietary GAA on neuromodulation [ 36 ], exercise performance [ 37 ], oxidant–antioxidant capacity [ 38 ], skeletal muscle and brain bioenergetics [ 39 , 40 ], and epigenetic pathways [ 41 ]. Dietary GAA was also administered in women with chronic fatigue syndrome [ 42 ], or older adults [ 43 ], and put forward as a possible treatment in AGAT deficiency [ 44 ], and skeletal muscle medicine [ 45 ]. The contemporary studies mainly paralleled findings of the seminal trials from the early 1950’s, implying the advantageous effects of supplemental GAA on clinician- and patient-reported outcomes, now complemented by more robust study designs and an extensive list of pertinent biomarkers.…”

Section: Gaa As a Dietary Agent In Human Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid: A Villain of a Good Guy?

Ostojić

2021

Nutrients

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Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural amino acid derivative that is well-recognized for its central role in the biosynthesis of creatine, an essential compound involved in cellular energy metabolism. GAA (also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) has been investigated as an energy-boosting dietary supplement in humans for more than 70 years. GAA is suggested to effectively increase low levels of tissue creatine and improve clinical features of cardiometabolic and neurological diseases, with GAA often outcompeting traditional bioenergetics agents in maintaining ATP status during stress. This perhaps happens due to a favorable delivery of GAA through specific membrane transporters (such as SLC6A6 and SLC6A13), previously dismissed as un-targetable carriers by other therapeutics, including creatine. The promising effects of dietary GAA might be countered by side-effects and possible toxicity. Animal studies reported neurotoxic and pro-oxidant effects of GAA accumulation, with exogenous GAA also appearing to increase methylation demand and circulating homocysteine, implying a possible metabolic burden of GAA intervention. This mini-review summarizes GAA toxicity evidence in human nutrition and outlines functional GAA safety through benefit-risk assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis.

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“…[ 35 ] reference we used to classify alternative forms of creatine in this investigation since that review paper does not take this factor into consideration. As an example, research on the creatine precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is perhaps the most comprehensive with many animal and human studies completed thus far; however, studies on this alternative form of creatine began over 70 years ago [ 14 , 46 , 49 ]. Preliminary evidence suggests that GAA may be as effective, if not more effective, than CM supplementation as summarized in a review paper by Ostojic et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%