Guanidine Retention and Calcium Reserve as Antagonistic Factors in Carbon Tetrachloride and Chloroform Poisoning

Minot, A. S.; Cutler, Jessie T.

doi:10.1172/jci100204

Cited by 56 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although acute poisoning in sheep has been treated successfully with parenteral calcium borogluconate [Fairfax, 1948] no evidence could be obtained of measurements of the blood calcium in this species after treatment with carbon tetrachloride. It seemed, from the experiments performed, that on the poor diet carbon tetrachloride usually lowered the blood calcium probably because the diet was inadequate as a source, a finding in accord with the observations of Minot and Cutler [1928] who showed that a diet low in calcium predisposed to poisoning by carbon tetrachloride.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The Action of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Sheep's Liver

Alexander

Macdonald

1960

Exp Physiol

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Changes in plasma alkaline phosphatase, proteins, serum calcium, blood sugar and BSP clearance were determined in sheep before and after the administration by mouth of 2 ml. carbon tetrachloride. Liver tissue was obtained by biopsy before and after the drug treatment and examined histologically. Carbon tetrachloride reduced the rate of clearance of BSP and the concentration of plasma proteins. Biopsy specimens taken after treatment showed histological evidence of damage. The histological changes were more marked in well-fed sheep. In experiments on a sheep with a biliary fistula no evidence was obtained of the excretion of carbon tetrachloride in the bile.The results described support the hypothesis that the fasciocidal action of carbon tetrachloride is due to the liver damage produced by the drug and not a direct effect on the liver fluke.CARBON TETRACHLORIDE is widely used in this country to treat sheep infested with liver fluke [Fraser and Stamp, 1957]. However, even in the small dose used therapeutically, it sometimes produces toxic effects [Belschner, 1950]. A recent review of hepatotoxic agents has been written by Stoner and Magee [1957]. The purpose of the experiments described here was to study the effect of therapeutic doses of carbon tetrachloride on the histology and biochenlistry of the sheep's liver. METHODSThe clearance of bromsulphthalein (BSP) was determined by the method of Goodman and Kingsley [1953] and interpreted by the method adopted by Campbell [1957].* This determination and estimations of the plasma alkaline phosphatase [King and Wooton, 1956] serum calcium [Clark and Collip, 1925] and blood sugar [Somogyi, 1952] were carried out before and 18 hr. after treating the sheep with carbon tetrachloride. In addition the plasma proteins [King and Wooton, 1950] and serum proteins were measured before and after treatment. Serum proteins were determined by electrophoretic separation on strips of fat-free Whatman 100 paper, 005 ml. serum being applied and a current of 1-5 m.amp./l. cm. width of paper allowed to flow at a constant 180 V for 18 hr. The paper was run in a barbiturate buffer [Block, Durrum and Zweig, 1957] and, after staining with Lissamine Green [Gorringe, 1957] either eluted and read by the method of Flynn and De Mayo [1951] or on an Eel scanner. A biopsy specimen of liver was obtained by a technique similar to that of Dick [1944] before and after drug treatment.Ten sheep were used in these experiments, four being females, ranging in weight from 20 to 39 kg. The effects of two different diets were studied. The sheep on the * Ten ml. blood was taken at 3, 6, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. after injecting 5 mg. BSP/kg. and BSP concentration measured. The clearance curve interpreted by Campbell's method gave a more sensitive test than the more usual method of determining the clearance of BSP.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The Action of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Sheep's Liver

Alexander

Macdonald

1960

Exp Physiol

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“…It is true that in a single individual normal liver function tests may not mean a great deal, but we know of no group of proved cases of diffuse disease of the liver in man in which the results of estimation of the serum bilirubin and phosphatase, the plasma proteins and the Takata-ara reaction, have been consistently negative. Further support to the view that the gastro-intestinal symptoms of carbon tetrachloride poisoning can be divorced from liver damage is given by Minot and Cutler's (1929) observation that in dogs given large doses of carbon tetrachloride, symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and twitching are relieved by the administration of calcium but the damage to the liver is not reduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxication

Stewart¹,

Witts²

1944

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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“…It is true that in a single individual normal liver function tests may not mean a great deal, but we know of no grouLp of proved cases of diffuse disease of the liver in man in which the results of estimation of the serum bilirubin and phosphatase, the plasma proteins and the Takata-ara reaction, have been consistently negative. Further support to the view that the gastro-intestinal symptoms of carbon tetrachloride poisoning can be divorced from liver damage is given by Minot and Cutler's (1929) observation that in dogs given large doses of carbon tetrachloride, symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and twitching are relieved by the administration of calcium but the damage to the liver is not reduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%