“…Bacterial infections with drug-resistant bacteria pose a major challenge in treating the infection, and biofilm formation at the adhesion interface contributes significantly to drug resistance. , About 65% of microbial infections and 80% of chronic infections in humans are biofilms-associated according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. − A biofilm is a three-dimensional microbial community encapsulated in self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that are composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. ,, Bacteria in biofilms are 10–1000 times more resistant to antibiotics than plankton bacteria. The densely packed EPS prevents the bacteria from being attacked by the host immune system , and restricts the activity of antibacterial agents by limiting drug penetration, enhancing drug efflux and quorum sensing. ,− Recent antibiofilm strategies include disturbing the synthesis of EPS, interfering with metabolic activity, or directly killing persister cells. ,, The use of high-dose antibiotics is commonly recommended for treating biofilm-associated infections caused by bacteria with a low metabolic rate. However, overuse of antibiotics can result in the emergence of multiresistant bacteria, thereby rendering antibiotics ineffective and leading to recurrent infections. ,− To combat bacterial and biofilm-related infections, alternative antibacterial agents capable of penetrating deep biofilms are urgently needed. − …”