“…Modern virtualized data centers usually have servers running the network access layer [2,110], using a software switch that connects virtual machines to the physical network [19,144,160,193]. Driven by these requirements, over the past years, software-based packet processing has made significant inroads in the traditionally hardware-dominated network appliance market [54,73,162] with several established programmable software switch platforms for efficient network virtualization (VPP [19], BESS [77], FastClick [20], NetBricks [157], PacketShader [78], and ESwitch [144]), user space I/O libraries (PacketShader [8], NetMap [169], Intel DPDK [87], RDMA [98], FD.io [56], and Linux XDP with eBPF [22]), and NFV platforms [101,112,192,196,207].…”