Growth, viability and genetic characteristics of GH transgenic coho salmon strains

Devlin, Robert H.; Biagi, Carlo A.; Yesaki, Timothy Y.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.02.026

Cited by 176 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Eggs increase their oxygen demand as they develop, which makes them more sensitive to low oxygen levels as their development proceeds towards hatching (Alderdice et al 1958). However, since our transgenic eggs were hemizygous, and the treatment was applied approximately two weeks prior to hatching, any difference in development at that stage should, on average, be less than the observed 2.5 day advance in hatching date of homozygous transgenic eggs (Devlin et al 2004) and less than the duration of the 72 h treatment in which the most pronounced difference in survival was observed. Einum et al (2002) showed that a large egg mass was beneficial in terms of survival under low oxygen levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Genetically enhanced growth causes increased mortality in hypoxic environments

et al. 2007

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Rapid growth and development are associated with several fitness-related benefits. Yet, organisms usually grow more slowly than their physiological maximum, suggesting that rapid growth may carry costs. Here we use coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) eggs of wild and transgenic genotypes to test whether rapid growth causes reduced tolerance to low levels of oxygen ( hypoxia). Eggs were exposed to four different durations of hypoxia, and survival and growth were recorded until the end of the larval stage. Survival rates decreased with increasing duration of hypoxia, but this decrease was most pronounced for the transgenic group. Larval mass was also negatively affected by hypoxia; however, transgenic genotypes were significantly larger than wild genotypes at the end of the larval stage. Oxygen can be a limiting factor for survival and development in a wide range of organisms, particularly during the egg stage. Thus, the reduced ability of fast-growing genotypes to cope with low oxygen levels identified in the present study may represent a general constraint on evolution of rapid growth across taxa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Genetically enhanced growth causes increased mortality in hypoxic environments

et al. 2007

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“…Proof of concept of GM to enhance production characteristics in farmed fish already exists as transgenic lines transformed with growth hormone/promoter genes have been produced that demonstrate growth enhancement in several species, including Atlantic salmon (Devlin et al, 2004). There have also been research studies in fish specifically targeting LC-PUFA metabolism.…”

Section: Enhancing Endogenous Lc-pufa Production and Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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“…Many countries are discussing or developing safety assessment strategies for fast-growing transgenic fish, and growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish are near the point of widespread commercial use (Niiler, 2000;Fu et al, 2005;Hu et al, 2007). Many studies have shown that in addition to enhancing growth rates, transgenic fish overexpressing GH can show a broad range of pleiotropic effects on morphology, physiology, metabolism, immunology and behavior (Fu et al, 1998(Fu et al, , 2007aDevlin et al, 2004Devlin et al, , 2006Wang et al, 2006;Li et al, 2007Li et al, , 2009Guan et al, 2008). Transgenic fish can be a useful model for examining the effects of GH on many physiological processes (Devlin et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hematological response to exhaustive exercise in ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Wang

et al. 2011

Aquaculture

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Growth, viability and genetic characteristics of GH transgenic coho salmon strains

Cited by 176 publications

References 82 publications

Genetically enhanced growth causes increased mortality in hypoxic environments

Genetically enhanced growth causes increased mortality in hypoxic environments

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

The hematological response to exhaustive exercise in ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

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