Abstract:Microcystis are known for their potential ability to synthesize toxins, mainly microcystins (MCs). In order to evaluate the effects of temperature on chlorophyll a (Chl a), growth, physiological responses and toxin production of a native Microcystis aeruginosa, we exposed the cells to low (23°C) and high (29°C) temperature in addition to a 26°C control treatment. Exponential growth rate was significantly higher at 29°C compared to 23°C and control, reaching 0.43, 0.32 and 0.33 day −1 respectively. In addition,… Show more
“…The production of [D-Leu 1 ] MC-LR decreased with increasing temperature, coinciding with the findings of Gorham, 1964;Runnegar et al, 1983;van der Westhuizen and Eloff, 1985;Cood and Poon, 1988;Sivonen, 1990;Rapala et al, 1997;Lehman et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2010 andGiannuzzi et al (2016). van der Westhuizen and Eloff (1985) reported that the optimal growth conditions do not coincide with the production of toxins.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 68%
“…The supernatant was passed through conditioned (10 mL 100% methanol, 50 mL 100% distilled water) Sep-Pak C18 cartridges (Waters) and the MCs were eluted with 80% methanol (Barco et al, 2005). Quantitative chromatographic analysis of MCs was performed by HPLC/MS Shimadzu LCMS-2020 determining a principal component of [D-Leu 1 ] MC-LR toxins (m/z 520) using C18 column (Hyperprep HS, 5-mm pore, 250 mm 10 mm) according to Giannuzzi et al (2016) …”
A B S T R A C TThe effect of temperature (26 C, 28 C, 30 C and 35 C) on the growth of native CAAT-3-2005 Microcystis aeruginosa and the production of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were examined through laboratory studies. Kinetic parameters such as specific growth rate (m), lag phase duration (LPD) and maximum population density (MPD) were determined by fitting the modified Gompertz equation to the M. aeruginosa strain cell count (cells mL À1 ). A 4.8-fold increase in m values and a 10.8-fold decrease in the LPD values were found for M. aeruginosa growth when the temperature changed from 15 C to 35 C. The activation energy of the specific growth rate (Em) and of the adaptation rate (E 1 /LPD) were significantly correlated (R 2 = 0.86). The cardinal temperatures estimated by the modified Ratkowsky model were minimum temperature = 8.58 AE 2.34 C, maximum temperature = 45.04 AE 1.35 C and optimum temperature = 33.39 AE 0.55 C.Maximum MC-LR production decreased 9.5-fold when the temperature was increased from 26 C to 35 C. The maximum production values were obtained at 26 C and the maximum depletion rate of intracellular MC-LR was observed at 30-35 C. The MC-LR cell quota was higher at 26 and 28 C (83 and 80 fg cell À1 , respectively) and the MC-LR Chl-a quota was similar at all the different temperatures (0.5-1.5 fg ng À1 ).The Gompertz equation and dynamic model were found to be the most appropriate approaches to calculate M. aeruginosa growth and production of MC-LR, respectively. Given that toxin production decreased with increasing temperatures but growth increased, this study demonstrates that growth and toxin production processes are uncoupled in M. aeruginosa. These data and models may be useful to predict M. aeruginosa bloom formation in the environment.
“…The production of [D-Leu 1 ] MC-LR decreased with increasing temperature, coinciding with the findings of Gorham, 1964;Runnegar et al, 1983;van der Westhuizen and Eloff, 1985;Cood and Poon, 1988;Sivonen, 1990;Rapala et al, 1997;Lehman et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2010 andGiannuzzi et al (2016). van der Westhuizen and Eloff (1985) reported that the optimal growth conditions do not coincide with the production of toxins.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 68%
“…The supernatant was passed through conditioned (10 mL 100% methanol, 50 mL 100% distilled water) Sep-Pak C18 cartridges (Waters) and the MCs were eluted with 80% methanol (Barco et al, 2005). Quantitative chromatographic analysis of MCs was performed by HPLC/MS Shimadzu LCMS-2020 determining a principal component of [D-Leu 1 ] MC-LR toxins (m/z 520) using C18 column (Hyperprep HS, 5-mm pore, 250 mm 10 mm) according to Giannuzzi et al (2016) …”
A B S T R A C TThe effect of temperature (26 C, 28 C, 30 C and 35 C) on the growth of native CAAT-3-2005 Microcystis aeruginosa and the production of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were examined through laboratory studies. Kinetic parameters such as specific growth rate (m), lag phase duration (LPD) and maximum population density (MPD) were determined by fitting the modified Gompertz equation to the M. aeruginosa strain cell count (cells mL À1 ). A 4.8-fold increase in m values and a 10.8-fold decrease in the LPD values were found for M. aeruginosa growth when the temperature changed from 15 C to 35 C. The activation energy of the specific growth rate (Em) and of the adaptation rate (E 1 /LPD) were significantly correlated (R 2 = 0.86). The cardinal temperatures estimated by the modified Ratkowsky model were minimum temperature = 8.58 AE 2.34 C, maximum temperature = 45.04 AE 1.35 C and optimum temperature = 33.39 AE 0.55 C.Maximum MC-LR production decreased 9.5-fold when the temperature was increased from 26 C to 35 C. The maximum production values were obtained at 26 C and the maximum depletion rate of intracellular MC-LR was observed at 30-35 C. The MC-LR cell quota was higher at 26 and 28 C (83 and 80 fg cell À1 , respectively) and the MC-LR Chl-a quota was similar at all the different temperatures (0.5-1.5 fg ng À1 ).The Gompertz equation and dynamic model were found to be the most appropriate approaches to calculate M. aeruginosa growth and production of MC-LR, respectively. Given that toxin production decreased with increasing temperatures but growth increased, this study demonstrates that growth and toxin production processes are uncoupled in M. aeruginosa. These data and models may be useful to predict M. aeruginosa bloom formation in the environment.
“…Crettaz Minaglia [39] found that the production of MC-LR decreased with increasing temperature, coinciding with the findings of [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50].…”
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a global problem for freshwater ecosystems used for drinking water supply and recreational purposes. Cyanobacteria also produce a wide variety of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. High water temperatures have been known to lead to cyanobacterial bloom development in temperate and semiarid regions. Increased temperatures as a result of climate change could therefore favor the growth of cyanobacteria, thus augmenting the risks associated with the blooms. Though temperature is the main factor affecting the growth kinetics of bacteria, the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus also plays a significant role. This chapter studies the growth kinetics of toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa and evaluates potential risks to the population in scenarios of climate change and the presence of nutrients. The most suitable control methods for mitigation are also evaluated.
“…While high enough concentrations of H 2 O 2 efficiently kill cyanobacteria, sub-lethal concentrations of H 2 O 2 may rapidly initiate antioxidant defenses in cyanobacteria. Such defense mechanisms may enhance at least the production of MC-LR (Giannuzzi et al 2016). It has also been reported the binding of MC to proteins increases the fitness of Microcystis under oxidative stress (Zilliges et al 2011).…”
Section: Use Of H 2 O 2 For Elimination Of Cyanobacteria and Mcsmentioning
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans due to the toxins they may produce. Humans may be subjected to cyanobacterial toxins through many routes, e.g., by consuming contaminated drinking water, fish, and crop plants or through recreational activities. In earlier studies, cyanobacterial cells have been shown to accumulate on leafy plants after spray irrigation with cyanobacteria-containing water, and microcystin (MC) has been detected in the plant root system after irrigation with MC-containing water. This paper reports a series of experiments where lysis of cyanobacteria in abstracted lake water was induced by the use of hydrogen peroxide and the fate of released MCs was followed. The hydrogen peroxide-treated water was then used for spray irrigation of cultivated spinach and possible toxin accumulation in the plants was monitored. The water abstracted from Lake Köyliönjärvi, SW Finland, contained fairly low concentrations of intracellular MC prior to the hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.04 μg L −1 in July to 2.4 μg L −1 in September 2014). Hydrogen peroxide at sufficient doses was able to lyse cyanobacteria efficiently but released MCs were still present even after the application of the highest hydrogen peroxide dose of 20 mg L −1. No traces of MC were detected in the spinach leaves. The viability of moving phytoplankton and zooplankton was also monitored after the application of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg L −1 or higher had a detrimental effect on the moving phytoplankton and zooplankton.
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