Growth, Serum Biochemistries, and Amino Acids of Term Infants Fed Formulas with Amino Acid and Protein Concentrations Similar to Human Milk

Picone, Thomas A.; Benson, Jalen; Moro, Guido; Minoli, I; Fulconis, F.; Rassin, David K.; Räihä, Niels C. R.

doi:10.1097/00005176-198910000-00015

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…We speculate that there may be threonine pools or channels of threonine disposal other than glycine that were not measured in this study. Infants fed preterm milk had lower plasma threonine concentrations relative to threonine intake compared with formula-fed infants, which is consistent with previous studies (9,12,13). Estimated fecal threonine excretion was not higher in infants fed preterm milk than in formula-fed infants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The 2-fold increase in plasma threonine concentrations observed in preterm infants fed whey-compared with casein-dominant formulas was strikingly greater than the 1.3-fold increase in threonine intake (10)(11)(12). Additionally, compared with infants fed human milk, formula-fed full-term (9) and preterm (12,13) infants had higher plasma threonine concentrations that could not be explained by differences in threonine intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Picone et al (9) suggested that a low availability of threonine within the immunologic proteins of human milk, such as secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), may explain the differences in plasma threonine concentrations in full-term infants. However, several authors (14)(15)(16) showed that fecal excretion of sIgA in low-birth-weight infants represented only Ϸ10% of sIgA intake, which would translate into a nonsignificant fecal loss of total dietary threonine from human milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Threonine kinetics in preterm infants fed their mothers' milk or formula with various ratios of whey to casein

Darling

Dunn

Sarwar

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Plasma threonine concentrations are elevated in infants fed formula containing a whey-to-casein protein ratio of 60:40 compared with concentrations in infants fed formula containing a ratio of 20:80 or human milk (60:40). Objective: We studied whether degradation of excess threonine was lower in formula-fed infants than in infants fed their mothers' milk. Design: Threonine kinetics were examined in 17 preterm infants (gestational age: 31 ± 2 wk; birth weight: 1720 ± 330 g) by using an 18-h oral infusion of [1-13 C]threonine at a postnatal age of 21 ± 11 d and weight of 1971 ± 270 g. Five infants received breast milk. Formula-fed infants (n = 12) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 formulas (5.3 g protein/MJ) that differed only in the whey-to-casein ratio (20:80, 40:60, and 60:40). Results: Threonine intake increased significantly in formula-fed infants with increasing whey content of the formula (48.5, 56.4, and 63.2 mol · kg Ϫ1 · h Ϫ1 , respectively; pooled SD: 2.2; P = 0.0001), as did plasma threonine concentrations (228, 344, and 419 mol/L, respectively; pooled SD: 75; P = 0.03). Despite a generous threonine intake by infants fed breast milk (58.0 ± 16.0 mol · kg Ϫ1 · h Ϫ1 ), plasma threonine concentrations remained low (208 ± 41 mol/L). Fecal threonine excretion and net threonine tissue gain, estimated by nitrogen balance, did not differ significantly among groups. Threonine oxidation did not differ significantly among formula-fed infants but was significantly lower in formula-fed infants fed than in infants fed breast milk (17.1% compared with 24.3% of threonine intake, respectively). Conclusion: Formula-fed infants have a lower capacity to oxidize threonine than do infants fed breast milk.Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:105-14.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Threonine kinetics in preterm infants fed their mothers' milk or formula with various ratios of whey to casein

Darling

Dunn

Sarwar

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Although some plasma aminoacid levels were similar to breast-fed controls, the levels of tryptophan in all groups receiving formula were significantly lower than the breast-fed group. Picone et al (1989) evaluated two lower protein formulas (11 and 13 g/l) compared to a standard protein formula group (15 g/l) and a breast-fed group. They found that both of the reducedprotein formula groups had lower plasma tryptophan levels as compared to the SF and breast-fed groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-Lactalbumin-rich infant formula fed to healthy term infants in a multicenter study: plasma essential amino acids and gastrointestinal tolerance

Davis¹,

Harris²,

Lien

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an a-lactalbumin-enriched formula with a protein profile and total protein concentration closer to human milk (HM) and lower than conventional formulas. Subjects/methods: Two hundred and sixteen healthy, term infants, p14 days post-natal age were enrolled and 166 (76.9%) completed the study. Timed post-prandial plasma essential amino-acid levels were determined after 8 weeks of ad libitum study feeding. Study events were assessed every 2 weeks. Results: At 8 weeks, all mean plasma essential amino-acid levels in the experimental formula (EF) group were as high as the standard formula (SF) and HM groups. The incidence of feeding-related gastrointestinal (GI) events varied significantly (P ¼ 0.025) across groups: SF (31.3%), EF (17.2%) and HM (13.6%), with SF being significantly higher than HM (P ¼ 0.015). Study withdrawals due to feeding-related GI events were significantly different (P ¼ 0.001) across groups: SF (12.5%), EF (4.7%), and HM (0%). The timing of GI events was also significantly different across groups (P ¼ 0.010). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that feeding a higher quality, lower protein concentration formula (a-lactalbuminenriched) met all essential amino acid and protein requirements of infants. The GI tolerance profile of infants receiving the EF was similar to HM-fed infants.

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“…An alteration in the urea cycle is assumed, because urea is elevated in FF infants [8,11,25]. However, levels of other AA involved in the urea cycle, namely glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, and ornithine, showed no consistent picture or were not affected by formula diet (Table 1), whereas citrulline was elevated in the CHOP and in the BeMIM trial.…”

Section: Dispensable Amino Acids -The Decrease Of Glutaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Early Nutrition on the Infant Metabolome

Hellmuth

Uhl

Kirchberg

et al. 2016

Preventive Aspects of Early Nutrition

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Growth, Serum Biochemistries, and Amino Acids of Term Infants Fed Formulas with Amino Acid and Protein Concentrations Similar to Human Milk

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Threonine kinetics in preterm infants fed their mothers' milk or formula with various ratios of whey to casein

Threonine kinetics in preterm infants fed their mothers' milk or formula with various ratios of whey to casein

α-Lactalbumin-rich infant formula fed to healthy term infants in a multicenter study: plasma essential amino acids and gastrointestinal tolerance

Effects of Early Nutrition on the Infant Metabolome

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