Growth rates and life histories in twenty‐two small‐scale societies

Walker, Robert; Gurven, Michael; Hill, Kim; Migliano, Andrea Bamberg; Chagnon, Napoleon A.; Souza, Roberta de Castro; Djurovic, Gradimir; Hames, Raymond; Hurtado, Ana; Kaplan, Hillard; Kramer, Karen L.; Oliver, William J.; Valeggia, Claudia; Yamauchi, Taro

doi:10.1002/ajhb.20510

Cited by 391 publications

(432 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Some studies include samples covering the whole lifespan. However, in this study, we only considered samples above 20 years of age, which corresponds to the age at first reproduction in human societies (Walker et al, 2006). Previous human brain aging studies using transcriptome data have also suggested gene expression patterns before and after the age of 20 are discontinuous (Colantuoni et al, 2011; Dönertaş et al, 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression‐based drug repurposing to target aging

et al. 2018

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Aging is the largest risk factor for a variety of noncommunicable diseases. Model organism studies have shown that genetic and chemical perturbations can extend both lifespan and healthspan. Aging is a complex process, with parallel and interacting mechanisms contributing to its aetiology, posing a challenge for the discovery of new pharmacological candidates to ameliorate its effects. In this study, instead of a target‐centric approach, we adopt a systems level drug repurposing methodology to discover drugs that could combat aging in human brain. Using multiple gene expression data sets from brain tissue, taken from patients of different ages, we first identified the expression changes that characterize aging. Then, we compared these changes in gene expression with drug‐perturbed expression profiles in the Connectivity Map. We thus identified 24 drugs with significantly associated changes. Some of these drugs may function as antiaging drugs by reversing the detrimental changes that occur during aging, others by mimicking the cellular defence mechanisms. The drugs that we identified included significant number of already identified prolongevity drugs, indicating that the method can discover de novo drugs that meliorate aging. The approach has the advantages that using data from human brain aging data, it focuses on processes relevant in human aging and that it is unbiased, making it possible to discover new targets for aging studies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression‐based drug repurposing to target aging

et al. 2018

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“…1 Previous studies have shown that the divergence between ancestral pygmy populations and ancestral non-pygmy populations is quite ancient and occurred around 60 000 years ago. 2,3 Many evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenotype, 4 which could be due to an adaptation to food scarcity, 5 to the hot and humid climate of the rainforest, 6 to the density of this environment where mobility is uneasy, 7 to a life-history tradeoff in a context of high mortality 8,9 or to particular mate choices. 10 However, none of these hypotheses has proven to be true 4,11 and the evolution of the short stature of African pygmies remains largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of GHR and IGF1 genes in the genetic determination of African pygmies’ short stature

Becker¹,

Verdu²,

Georges³

et al. 2012

Eur J Hum Genet

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African pygmies are at the lower extreme of human variation in adult stature and many evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenotype. We showed in a recent study that the difference in average stature of about 10 cm observed between contemporary pygmies and neighboring non-pygmies has a genetic component. Nevertheless, the genetic basis of African pygmies' short stature remains unknown. Using a candidate-gene approach, we show that intronic polymorphisms in GH receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes present outlying values of the genetic distance between Baka pygmies and their non-pygmy Nzimé neighbors. We further show that GHR and IGF1 genes have experienced divergent natural selection pressures between pygmies and non-pygmies throughout evolution. In addition, these SNPs are associated with stature in a sample composed of 60 pygmies and 30 non-pygmies and this association remains significant when correcting for population structure for the GHR locus. We conclude that the GHR and IGF1 genes may have a role in African pygmies' short stature. The use of phenotypically contrasted populations is a promising strategy to identify new variants associated with complex traits in humans.

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“…LH strategies also vary within species, and individual differences in LH variables such as reproductive timing and senescence (Walker et al 2006;Ellis et al 2012) may be driven by exposure during early life to cues to extrinsic mortality risk (Wilson and Daly 1997;Ellis et al 2012). Because high extrinsic mortality risk favors current reproduction over future reproduction, mortality risk may promote earlier puberty and thus earlier age at first copulation (Lam et al 2002;Walker et al 2006;Friedlander et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Selection and Life History: Earlier Recalled Puberty Predicts Men’s Phenotypic Masculinization

Doll

Cárdenas

Burriss

et al. 2015

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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In some laboratory rodents, males' brains and behavior become less sensitive to the organizing effects of androgens across the time window surrounding puberty. Later puberty in human males has also been associated with less male-typical psychology and behavior, such as lower performance on mental rotation tasks and lower risk of substance abuse and delinquency. Here, we propose that life history (LH) theory provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding such relationships between pubertal timing and phenotypic masculinization. Because a faster male LH strategy emphasizes mating over parenting, earlier puberty may lead more generally to greater masculinization of traits that increase in sexual dimorphism at puberty and function in mating competition. In other words, we suggest that decreasing sensitivity to androgens represents a proximate mechanism that facilitates the development of mating-related adaptations in men with fast LH strategies. We tested this hypothesis in 153 men. Consistent with our hypothesis, earlier recalled pubertal timing predicted greater adult male body mass index, facial dominance, biceps circumference, and, to a lesser degree, systemizing and mental rotation ability. Some sexually dimorphic traits that were unrelated to pubertal timing in our data may have been less relevant to our male ancestors' mating success and hence to a fast LH strategy.

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Growth rates and life histories in twenty‐two small‐scale societies

Cited by 391 publications

References 59 publications

Gene expression‐based drug repurposing to target aging

Gene expression‐based drug repurposing to target aging

The role of GHR and IGF1 genes in the genetic determination of African pygmies’ short stature

Sexual Selection and Life History: Earlier Recalled Puberty Predicts Men’s Phenotypic Masculinization

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