“…Brazilian Journal of Development, Curitiba, v.10, n.2, p. 01-21., 2024 Numerous studies have indicated that various feeding systems exert both positive and negative influences on the growth performance of chickens (Abdelatty, et al, 2021;Simeneh, 2019;Tejeda & Kim, 2021;Libatique, 2021;Morbos, Espina, & Bestil, 2016;Setiadi, Santoso, Sumarsono, Mahfudz, & Susanto, 2016). The feed cost constitutes 65%-70% of the chicken production cost (Moss, Chrystal, Crowley & Pesti, 2021;Sugiharto, 2019).…”