Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: Effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision

Pazoki, Alireza; Ghorbani, G.R.; Kargar, S.; Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A.; Drackley, J.K.; Ghaffari, Mohtasham

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.004

Cited by 74 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Calves were weaned at 41 to 52 d of age, and TTD was measured for the first 5 d postweaning. More recent data from Pazoki et al (2017) also showed little difference in TTD between diets of similar ingredient composition that were pelleted or textured. However, TTD of DM, OM, and CP in calves fed a meal diet without forage were consistently lower than pelleted or textured CS.…”

Section: Effect Of Cs Form On Total-tract Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Symposium review: Re-evaluation of National Research Council energy estimates in calf starters

Quigley

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Provision of nutrients in appropriate amounts to meet nutrient requirements for growth, production, and reproduction is the basis for modern animal nutrition. Ration formulation systems predict nutrient requirements based on numerous inputs and then predict nutrient supply based on predicted intake and nutrient content of feeds. Energy systems are used to predict energy supply based on gross caloric content of feeds followed by adjustments for digestion and metabolism of ingested energy. Many models of energy supply use static coefficients of digestibility based on nutrient composition of feed. Other models partition digestion dynamically between ruminal and postruminal digestion but use static estimates of intestinal digestibility to predict energy supplied to the animal. In young calves, both ruminal fermentation and intestinal digestion are underdeveloped; therefore, existing models of energy supply might overestimate the energy available before complete gastrointestinal maturation. In a series of experiments, we reported that total-tract digestion of nutrients changes with advancing age and nutrient intake. Total-tract digestion was measured in calves from 3 to 16 wk of age when fed different amounts and types of milk replacers. Calves were also fed different types of calf starter for ad libitum consumption. Total-tract digestibility of protein, fat, neutral detergent fiber, and nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) was used to calculate the metabolizable energy (ME) in starter. We used nonlinear regression to estimate the contribution of protein and fat from starter and milk replacer before weaning. Early in life, calculated ME of starter was low and increased with increasing intake of NFC. Cumulative intake of NFC was more highly correlated with changing ME values than other indices, including age, intake of milk replacer, or intake of other nutrients in starter. When calves consumed at least of 15 kg of NFC, ME calculated from digestibility measurements was similar to the ME calculated using National Research Council equations and indicated maturation of gastrointestinal digestion. Our data suggest that intake of NFC is critical to gastrointestinal maturation and the calf's ability to extract energy from calf starter.

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Section: Effect Of Cs Form On Total-tract Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Symposium review: Re-evaluation of National Research Council energy estimates in calf starters

Quigley

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…It has also been suggested that provision of forage may be most beneficial from a rumen development standpoint when the starter is pelleted, rather than texturized (Suarez-Mena et al, 2016). Providing hay has been found to improve rumen environment and rumen development (Khan et al, 2011;Castells et al, 2013;Pazoki et al, 2017), and some studies suggest that hay intake may improve feed efficiency and growth (Coverdale et al, 2004;Castells et al, 2012), whereas others report similar growth with provision of forage (Ueno et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating effects of providing hay on behavioral development and performance of group-housed dairy calves

Horvath

Miller-Cushon

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Providing access to forage has been shown to influence feeding behavior and non-nutritive oral behavior in individually housed calves, and these effects may be enhanced or altered in calves reared in social housing. We evaluated the effect of hay provision on the behavioral development and performance of group-housed dairy calves. Holstein calves (n = 32) were grouphoused (4 calves per group) at 17 ± 3 (mean ± SD) d of age. All calves were provided milk replacer (8 L/d) via an automated milk feeder and pelleted starter and water ad libitum. Pens were randomly assigned to receive either chopped coastal Bermuda grass in buckets adjacent to the starter trough (starter and hay, STH; n = 4 pens), or no additional feed (starter only, ST; n = 4 pens). Calves were weaned through a 10-d stepdown program beginning at 46 d of age. Intake of solid feed and hay were recorded daily, and body weights were measured weekly. The behavior of 2 focal calves per pen was recorded continuously from video for 12 h on 2 consecutive days during each of wk 4, 6, and 7 of life, to measure solid feed intake time, grooming, and pendirected sucking. Hay provision influenced total feed intake, with calves provided hay having greater total solid feed intake in the week before weaning (0.79 vs. 0.55 kg/d, STH vs. ST, respectively; SE = 0.19). Average daily gain (ADG) was similar during the pre-weaning period but tended to be greater for STH calves during weaning. Calves in pens provided hay also had fewer unrewarded visits to the milk feeder during weaning (12.5 vs. 21.1 visits per 12 h, STH vs. ST, respectively; SE = 3.59) and performed less pen-directed sucking (9.11 vs. 19.3 min per 12 h, STH vs. ST, respectively; SE = 2.86). Self-grooming time and bout characteristics evolved differently between treatments over time, with pens of calves provided hay having a greater increase in frequency and duration of self-grooming bouts during weaning. Overall, we found that providing hay to pre-weaned calves resulted in behavioral and performance benefits, including greater total feed intake and reductions in pen-directed sucking, suggesting that access to hay may improve calf welfare.

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“…Forage is still recognized to influence rumen development and, consequently, body weight gain, DM consumption, and digestibility, even those not yet weaned (Castells, Bach, Araujo, Montoro, & Terré, ; Montoro, Miller‐Cushon, DeVries, & Bach, ; Porter, Warner, & Kertz, ). Therefore, an adequate amount of high‐quality forage in a calf's diet ultimately leads to an improvement in its ability to digest forage (Pazoki et al, ). On the other hand, there has been one cause of less recommendation of fiber for calves’ diet; certain amount of cellulose in plant materials is less available for rumen degradation, since it is bound to lignin in the lignocellulosic matrix, which is resistant to microbial attack.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provision of beta‐glucan prebiotics (cellooligosaccharides and kraft pulp) to calves from pre‐ to post‐weaning period on pasture

Kido

Tejima

Haramiishi

et al. 2019

Animal Science Journal

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We conducted two feeding experiments to evaluate the effects of supplementation with either cellooligosaccharide or kraft pulp on growth performance in grazing beef calves (Japanese Black) from 4 weeks pre‐weaning to 12 to 16 weeks post‐weaning. In Experiment 1 (20‐week duration), nine calves (2.9‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group (CON) or an experimental group (CEL) fed cellooligosaccharide at a rate of 10 g/day mixed with concentrate. Average daily weight gain tended to be greater in CEL than in CON, especially after 1 month of weaning. In Experiment 2 (16‐week duration), 10 calves (2.0‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group (KRA) fed kraft pulp at a rate of 10% replacement of total digestible nutrients with concentrate. The proportion of fibrolytic bacteria increased and that of methanogenic Archaea decreased in the rumen microbial community composition of KRA calves in Experiment 2, whereas the decrease in Fibrobacter and Archaea was observed in CEL calves at first 4 weeks in Experiment 1. We conclude that beta‐glucan prebiotic supplementation to grazing calves at pre‐weaning would affect rumen microbial composition and modified rumen fermentation characteristics, leading to a better rumen environment via different means.

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Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: Effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision

Cited by 74 publications

References 30 publications

Symposium review: Re-evaluation of National Research Council energy estimates in calf starters

Symposium review: Re-evaluation of National Research Council energy estimates in calf starters

Evaluating effects of providing hay on behavioral development and performance of group-housed dairy calves

Provision of beta‐glucan prebiotics (cellooligosaccharides and kraft pulp) to calves from pre‐ to post‐weaning period on pasture

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