Growth performance and nutritional composition of<i>Sepia pharaonis</i>under artificial culturing conditions

Jiang, Maowang; Peng, Ruibing; Wang, Shuangjian; Zhou, Song; Chen, Qicheng; Huang, Chen; Han, Qingxi; Jiang, Xiamin

doi:10.1111/are.13741

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Second generation (F 2 ) fertilized eggs of S. pharaonis were obtained from brood stock maintained at the Lai Fa Aquaculture Co. Ltd research facility (29°59′N, 121°99′E), Zhejiang Province, China. After hatching, animals were reared according to the latest culture methods described in Jiang et al (2018). Newly hatched juveniles were fed with enriched live brine shrimp (Artemia nauplii) and live mysids (Hyperacanthomysis brevirostris) within the first 3 days post-hatching, followed with live mysids twice a day (at 08:00 and 16:00 hours) ad libitum, ensuring that the cuttlefish had sufficient food supply at all times.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histology and ultrastructure of ink gland and melanogenesis in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

Jiang

Xue

Chen

et al. 2020

Invertebrate Biology

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The ink gland in cephalopods is a modified part of the digestive tract that generates melanin used in defense activities against predators. In the present study, we document the histological structure of the ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis following light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations. Based on the observations, we infer the series of cellular events leading to the formation and secretion of melanin. LM observations revealed that the cuttlefish ink gland was cord‐like, and could be separated into two distinct regions with different functions, based on markedly different cellular and biochemical characteristics. The region with the function of secreting ink was the epithelial cell region (i.e., mature ink gland cells) and was mainly composed of melanosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Conversely, the connective tissue region was the site of formation of cells and energy supply. In addition, the most probable sequence of activities from melanogenesis to the release, based on TEM observations, is as follows: (a) formation of a matrix of opaque electronic substances (melanin precursors); (b) melanization in the precursor matrix to form melanin‐like particles; (c) further melanin granule development and enlargement, and gradual intensifying of the hue; (d) production of melanin granules (melanosomes) in the precursor matrix; (e) binding of melanosomes to the cytoskeleton and migration to the cell surface; (f) fusion of melanosomes with the cell membrane at the apical pole, and discharge of melanin granules into intercellular spaces or lumen by exocytosis or cell fragmentation. We also investigated how the process of continuous ink release influences ink gland histology and ultrastructure. Inking stimulation induced the release of large amounts of ink by epithelial cells, and was associated with cell disorganization, and severe cellular vacuolization, in addition to severe organelle damage.

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Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histology and ultrastructure of ink gland and melanogenesis in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

Jiang

Xue

Chen

et al. 2020

Invertebrate Biology

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“…Experiments were conducted at the Lai Fa Aquaculture Co., Ltd. (29° 59′ N, 121° 99′ E) (Zhejiang Province, China), which specializes in aquatic technology research and application development. Posthatching, cuttlefish were reared in a cement pond (7.8 m × 3.8 m × 1.6 m, length × width × depth; area, 30 m 2 ), as described for the species by Jiang et al (2018). In short, newly hatched juveniles were fed enriched live rotifers ( Artemia nauplii ) the first 3 days posthatching and then live mysids ( Hyperacanthomysis brevirostris ) twice a day (8:00 and 16:00) ad libitum .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We observed that the pigmentation stage of embryonic development is capable of releasing ink when manipulated vigorously. Besides, cuttlefish release ink during rearing, e.g., weaning, competition for food, mating, and rapid changes in temperature and salinity (Le et al, 2014; Lee et al, 2016; Jiang et al, 2018). Furthermore, overrelease of ink results in the individual’s death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Inking Affects the Biological and Biochemical Responses of Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

et al. 2019

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Several marine mollusks, including cephalopods (cuttlefish, squid, and octopus) and gastropods (e.g., sea hares), can release a colored ink secretion when chased by predators or stimulated. Ink release is part of a defensive response, but the threshold for the biochemical responses caused by stimulation is unknown. The present study aimed to reveal antipredator responses of cuttlefish, such as escaping via inking and/or jetting, and to investigate its biological and biochemical responses to continuous ink release. Results showed that the behavioral responses to continuous ink release mainly manifested as blazing body pattern changes. Cuttlefish escaped from predators covered by jetting/inking and warned the potential threats by displaying a unique body pattern. Moreover, persistent inking in the presence of an overt stimulus caused uncontrollable ink release from the ink duct/anal canal (loss of control). This study first verified the characteristics of the cuttlefish ink solution, prepared a standard curve of ink solution concentrations, and fitted the relationship function between the release frequency and the released ink weight. Biological statistics indicated that cuttlefish has the ability to continuously release ink (releasing ∼90% of the ink from the ink sac) and that the individuals adapted well during the recovery period. However, re-releasing ink would result in “overexploitation” and high mortality. Hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased or remained stable in different tissues after releasing ink. The expression of heat shock protein 90 and arginine kinase (AK) were upregulated by stimuli in all tissues. Biochemical changes indicated that continuous inking not only consumed considerable energy but also damaged the tissues. In summary, cuttlefish released almost 90% of their ink for active defense against predators, and it took ∼30 days for the ink sac to be refilled, but “overexploitation” resulted in serious physiological damage. These findings will be helpful to further study the defense and ink release mechanisms and to consider animal health and welfare when using cephalopods as experimental animals and for aquaculture practices.

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“…Moreover, Jiang et al. (2018) and Correia et al. (2005) outlined the relationship between the size and stocking density of cultured cuttlefish, indicating that the culture density needs to be reduced as the size of cuttlefish increases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, these two species, S. pharaonis and S. officinalis, are closely relatives, experimental studies and breeding practices found that they share many common characteristics, such as fast growth rates, short life spans and adaptable feeding habits; therefore, they have been proposed as an excellent candidate for large‐scale artificial culture (Barord et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2018; Sykes, Domingues, Correia et al., 2006; Sykes, et al., 2009; Vidal et al., 2014). S. pharaonis was raised to an age of 170 days, fed live mysids ( Hyperacanthomysis brevirostris ), frozen shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ) and fish ( Larimichthys polyactis ), with a yields of up to 5,000 individuals and weights of 570.71 ± 126.32 g (Jiang et al., 2018). Consequently, frozen food is necessary to achieve large‐scale farming, as it is a good way to ensure increased and continuous production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum weaning method for pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831, in small‐ and large‐scale aquaculture

et al. 2020

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Two scale trials were conducted to determine the optimum weaning protocols cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) juvenile for understanding the feeding habits of cuttlefish and the development of effective aqua‐cultural practices. Three experimental weaning protocols (i.e. cuttlefish size, feeding frequency and culture density) on the growth, survival and muscle proximate composition of cuttlefish juveniles were performed in a small‐scale trial. Then, the optimal weaning protocols were applied to a large‐scale trial for validation. The weaning period lasted 2 weeks. The results showed that larger individuals showed better growth performance than smaller individuals, especially in terms of juvenile survival and specific growth rate (SGR), indicating that larger individuals were more receptive to frozen prey. Increased feeding frequency did stimulate the appetite of animals raised during feeding conversion, and enhance survival, growth and protein deposition compared to low feeding frequency. Moreover, the weight gain (WG) and SGR in the 60 and 70 cuttlefish/m2 culture density groups were much higher than those in the 80 cuttlefish/m2 group; however, there was no significant difference in survival among the culture density groups. The validation results of optimal weaning protocols in the large‐scale trial indicated that, according to growth performance, the optimum culture density for juvenile cuttlefish weaning was 70 cuttlefish/m2. These results indicate that the optimal weaning protocols for cuttlefish juvenile are as follows: a dorsal mantle length of 24.0 mm or more, the feeding frequency of 4 meals/day and the culture density of 70 cuttlefish/m2. These findings have important implications for understanding the feeding habits of cuttlefish and for the development of effective aqua‐cultural practices.

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Growth performance and nutritional composition ofSepia pharaonisunder artificial culturing conditions

Cited by 21 publications

References 42 publications

Histology and ultrastructure of ink gland and melanogenesis in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

Histology and ultrastructure of ink gland and melanogenesis in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

Continuous Inking Affects the Biological and Biochemical Responses of Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

Optimum weaning method for pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831, in small‐ and large‐scale aquaculture

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