Growth patterns and breast milk/infant formula energetic efficiency in healthy infants up to 18 months of life: the COGNIS study

Sepúlveda-Valbuena, Natalia; Nieto-Ruíz, Ana; Diéguez, Estefanía; Herrmann, Florian; Escudero-Marín, Mireia; De-Castellar, Roser; Rodrı́guez-Palmero, Marı́a; Miranda, Marı́a Isabel; García-Santos, José Antonio; García-Bermúdez, Mercedes; Campoy, Cristina

doi:10.1017/s000711452100057x

Cited by 9 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…One newly study reported that SGA preterm infants fed preterm formula had significantly larger negative change in weight and length z-scores between birth and discharge, when compared with fortified mother’s own milk ( 37 ). However, It was reported that breastfeeding may have positive effects on growth programming due to its nutrients’ energetic efficiency ( 38 ). The short-term and long-term benefits are mainly due to the adaptation of nutrient proportion, regulation of immunity, regulation of intestinal flora, etc ( 39 – 41 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

You

Qie

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to identify the weight gain patterns of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in early life and to explore the predictive value for later overweight/obesity in childhood.MethodsWe obtained data from a prospective cohort including term SGA infants born between January 2006 and November 2015 who received regular health care from birth to 5 years in West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China. A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was applied to group children with similar growth trajectory patterns. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between weight gain patterns and later overweight/obesity.ResultsA total of 296 term SGA infants were finally included. Five weight gain trajectories were identified, including excessive rapid catch-up growth (ERCG) (class 1, 10.9%), rapid catch-up growth (RCG) (class 2, 17.9%), appropriate catch-up growth (ACG) (class 3, 53.0%), slow catch-up growth (SCG) (class 4, 13.4%) and almost no catch growth (NCG) (class 5, 4.8%). SGA infants in class 1 and class 2 had a higher BMI according to age- and sex-specific Z scores from 2–5 years of age. In addition, 25% of SGA infants in class 1 and 13.2% of SGA infants in class 2 were found to be overweight/obese at 2-5 years of age. After adjusting for confounders, we found that extremely rapid weight gain (class 1) in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity by 2.1 times at 2 to 5 years of age (aOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3~4.8; P<0.05). Furthermore, the increment of ΔWAZ between 0 and 4 mo was prominently related to the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years for term SGA infants (aOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.7~8.1; P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the area under curve (AUC) was 0.7, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.6 to 0.8 (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe extremely rapid weight gain pattern of term SGA infants in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years of age. It suggests monitoring weight gain across the infant period represents a first step towards primary prevention of childhood obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

You

Qie

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…The COGNIS study (Clinical Trial Registration: , identifier: NCT02094547) is a prospective, randomized, and double-blind clinical trial with a nutritional intervention using an infant formula supplemented with different bioactive nutrients. Detailed information on this study was described elsewhere [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Briefly, a total of 220 healthy Spanish infants were included; of them, 170 were randomized to receive, during their first 18 months of life, either a standard infant formula (SF: n = 85) or an experimental infant formula (EF: n = 85) enriched with bioactive components, such as milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components [10% of total protein (wt:wt)], long-chain (LC)-PUFAs [arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], gangliosides, nucleotides, synbiotics [mix of fructooligosaccharides and inulin (ratio 1:1), Bifidobacterium infantis IM1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LCS-742], and sialic acid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were calculated at three different time intervals: (1) from birth to 6 months of life, (2) from 6 to 12 months of life, and (3) from 12 to 18 months of life. These data were compared using the WHO growth standards and classified as described in previous studies [ 24 ], using the WHO Anthro software package version 3.2.2 (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland). Catch-up growth was also calculated as weight for age z -score (WAZ) and weight for length z -score.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Effects and Potential Impact of Early Nutrition with Breast Milk or Infant Formula on Glucose Homeostasis Control in Healthy Children at 6 Years Old: A Follow-Up from the COGNIS Study

et al. 2023

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There is scarce evidence about early nutrition programming of dynamic aspects of glucose homeostasis. We analyzed the long-term effects of early nutrition on glycemic variability in healthy children. A total of 92 children participating in the COGNIS study were considered for this analysis, who were fed with: a standard infant formula (SF, n = 32), an experimental formula (EF, n = 32), supplemented with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), and synbiotics, or were breastfed (BF, n = 28). At 6 years old, BF children had lower mean glucose levels and higher multiscale sample entropy (MSE) compared to those fed with SF. No differences in MSE were found between EF and BF groups. Normal and slow weight gain velocity during the first 6 months of life were associated with higher MSE at 6 years, suggesting an early programming effect against later metabolic disorders, thus similarly to what we observed in breastfed children. Conclusion: According to our results, BF and normal/slow weight gain velocity during early life seem to protect against glucose homeostasis dysregulation at 6 years old. EF shows functional similarities to BF regarding children’s glucose variability. The detection of glucose dysregulation in healthy children would help to develop strategies to prevent the onset of metabolic disorders in adulthood.

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“…Participants' dietary intake was evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 months and 2.5, 4, and 6 years old by a quantitative 3-day dietary record based on the methods for food monitoring and nutrient intake indicated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ( 39 ). DIAL software (Alce Ingeniería, Madrid, Spain) ( 40 ) was used to analyze dietary records, which converts food consumption data into nutrient intake (macro- and micronutrients, including FAs profile) in accordance to a previously described methodology ( 41 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Formula Supplemented With Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Synbiotics Is Associated With Neurocognitive Function and Brain Structure of Healthy Children Aged 6 Years: The COGNIS Study

et al. 2022

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BackgroundAdequate nutrient intake during the first few months of life plays a critical role on brain structure and function development.ObjectivesTo analyze the long-term effects of an experimental infant formula (EF) on neurocognitive function and brain structure in healthy children aged 6 years compared to those fed with a standard infant formula or breastfed.MethodsThe current study involved 108 healthy children aged 6 years and participating in the COGNIS Study. At 0–2 months, infants were randomized to receive up to 18 months of life a standard infant formula (SF) or EF enriched with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and synbiotics. Furthermore, a reference group of breastfed (BF) infants were also recruited. Children were assessed using neurocognitive tests and structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 6 years old.ResultsExperimental infant formula (EF) children showed greater volumes in the left orbital cortex, higher vocabulary scores and IQ, and better performance in an attention task than BF children. EF children also presented greater volumes in parietal regions than SF kids. Additionally, greater cortical thickness in the insular, parietal, and temporal areas were found in children from the EF group than those fed with SF or BF groups. Further correlation analyses suggest that higher volumes and cortical thickness of different parietal and frontal regions are associated with better cognitive development in terms of language (verbal comprehension) and executive function (working memory). Finally, arachidonic acid (ARA), adrenic acid (AdA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in cheek cell glycerophospholipids, ARA/DHA ratio, and protein, fatty acid, and mineral intake during the first 18 months of life seem to be associated with changes in the brain structures at 6 years old.ConclusionsSupplemented infant formula with MFGM components, LC-PUFAs, and synbiotics seems to be associated to long-term effects on neurocognitive development and brain structure in children at 6 years old.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT02094547.

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Growth patterns and breast milk/infant formula energetic efficiency in healthy infants up to 18 months of life: the COGNIS study

Cited by 9 publications

References 65 publications

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

Long-Term Effects and Potential Impact of Early Nutrition with Breast Milk or Infant Formula on Glucose Homeostasis Control in Healthy Children at 6 Years Old: A Follow-Up from the COGNIS Study

Infant Formula Supplemented With Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Synbiotics Is Associated With Neurocognitive Function and Brain Structure of Healthy Children Aged 6 Years: The COGNIS Study

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