Growth pattern of underlithified strata during thrust-related folding

The structural evolution of folds in a deepwater fold and thrust belt – a case study from the Sabah continental margin offshore NW Borneo, SE Asia

“…In cases where gravity processes reduce the surface dip, deposition on top of anticline crests can be renewed (e.g. Nigro and Renda, 2004;Heiniö and Davies, 2006;Morley, 2007b;Morley, 2009). However, a generalisation of the ''life-cycle'' of a typical deepwater NW Borneo fold from its initiation through its growth to its decay remains challenging because of the influence of diverse parameters such as rock inhomogeneities in the depositional wedge, syn-tectonic sedimentation, syn-depositional deformation, differential compaction, and variations in fluid content (e.g.…”

2D Kinematic Models of Growth Fault‐Related Folds in Contractional Settings

“…Such factors include fold amplification mechanisms, type of structure according to fold/ fault interaction and its kinematic evolution, fold shape, deformation mechanisms undergone by the growth strata, the ratio of the sedimentation rate to the fold amplification (uplift, limb widening, and rotation) rate, occurrence of primary sedimentary dips, gravitational stability of growth strata, particular sedimentary facies and depositional patterns, erosion, subsidence, sea-level variations, and volume reduction due to compaction (e.g., Suppe et al, 1992;Zoetemeijer, 1993;Torrente andKligfield, 1995, Burbank et al, 1996;Hardy et al, 1996;Doglioni and Prosser, 1997;Poblet et al, 1997;Masaferro et al, 2002;Rafini and Mercier, 2002;Nigro and Renda, 2004;Shaw et al, 2004). Deformation and syn-tectonic sedimentation are interactive processes; thus, the growth strata geometry is influenced by the development of structures but, for their part, growth strata affect the geometry, kinematic evolution, activity, and fracturing of the developing folds by supplying resistance to translation as has been documented in both numerical and physical experiments of single thrust-related folds validated through comparison with field analogues (e.g., Barrier et al, 2002;Strayer et al, 2004).…”

Autogenic Organization of Syn‐Tectonic Sedimentary Patterns in Deepwater Foldbelts: A Simple Dynamic Model

“…Despite its limited scope, our model shows that the deepwater environment behaves differently. The large mobility of fine-grain sediments greatly enhances the feedbacks between sediment dispersal and fold growth, deeply altering the basic patterns observed in other environments (e.g., Morley, 2009;Nigro & Renda, 2004). Moreover, our model suggests that the sedimentary record in deepwater foldbelt environments is not necessarily complete or decipherable.…”

“…We expect some dependence of the oscillating behavior on grain size as coarse grain deposits might be more resilient against slope instabilities (e.g., Nigro & Renda, 2004). In our parametrization, the Rouse number embodies this relationship through the settling velocity v s of the sedimentary particles in the suspended load layer.…”

“…When this happens, the rate of amplification accelerates, and structures acquire an angular shape characterized by steep limbs with secondary forward and back thrusting ( Figure 2b). Moreover, since superficial mass transport is a slope-dependent process (e.g., Roering et al, 2001;Nigro & Renda, 2004;), the more strained detachment folds denude rapidly forming structures with crests barren of sediments flanked by minibasins of flat topography. This phenomenon resulted in the deposition of a series of sedimentary wedges on the synclines that pinch out laterally by onlap against the fold limbs ( Figure 2b; Yarbuh & Contreras, 2017).…”