Growth, osmoregulation and energy budget of rainbow and steelhead trout under different salinity acclimation methods and the best transition size of steelhead trout

Abstract

In order to meet the demand of salmon market, Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs are working on salmon mariculture far offshore in the Yellow Sea, China. Rainbow, steelhead trout and Atlantic salmon were selected as the main culture species. The aims of the present study were as follows: (a) investigate the effect of the salinity acclimation method on the growth, osmoregulation and energy budget in two forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow and steelhead trout and (b) explore the optimal size of steelhead trout for the seawater entry. In trial I, rainbow (mean = 99.44 g) and steelhead trout (mean = 99.01 g) were reared for 40 days after undergoing salinity acclimation at three rates: an abrupt increase in salinity from 0 to 30 g/L (T30); an abrupt increase in salinity to 14 g/L, followed by a daily increase of 2 g/L (T2) or 6 g/L (T6) until reaching 30 g/L; and no salinity exposure (control treatment) (T0). In trial II, steelhead trout with body weights of approximately 100 and 400 g were cultured for 60 days with two treatments, T0 and T2, and the specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated every 10 days. In trial I, in both kinds of fish, the optimal growth performance, survival rate, osmoregulation and energy budget were observed in the T0 treatment, followed by the T2 treatment. These results indicate that O. mykiss with a body weight of approximately 100 g can adapt to sea water with a gradual transition (T2), but they are still not suitable for the seawater entry because of low growth. Based on the recorded SGRs in trial II, our formulated regression formula revealed that approximately 200 g is the optimal size of steelhead trout for the transition to sea water.

Regulation of PGC-1α of the Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Pathway in the Gills of Indian Medaka (Oryzias dancena) under Hypothermal Stress

“…Most fish thrive in lower salinity ranges, which often result in lower metabolic rates [80,81]. For instance, rainbow trout in FW show better energy budgets due to optimal osmoregulation, while FW fish can struggle with energy allocation when salinity changes [81]. In another study, cold stress at 18 • C affected milkfish differently depending on their salinity adaptation.…”

“…Fish metabolism and energy requirements are influenced by factors like salinity and temperature. Most fish thrive in lower salinity ranges, which often result in lower metabolic rates [80,81]. For instance, rainbow trout in FW show better energy budgets due to optimal osmoregulation, while FW fish can struggle with energy allocation when salinity changes [81].…”