Growth of the Urban Shadow, Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities, and Commuting by Workers in Rural and Urban India

Sharma, Ajay; Chandrasekhar, S.

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.003

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Mohanan (2008) writes, '… movement of rural workers to urban areas is somewhat reinforced by the daily picture of overcrowded trains and buses bringing people to the cities and towns from the surrounding areas, sometimes called the floating population' (p. 61). Sharma and Chandrasekhar (2013) find that a change in the spatial distribution of activities 13 explains the increase in two-way rural and urban commuting. They find that rural, urban unemployment rates, and wage differentials to be important determinants of commuting.…”

Section: The Phenomenon Of Commutingmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Urbanization and Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in India

Chandrasekhar

Sharma

2015

Spat Demogr

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With an urbanization level of 31.16 % in 2011, India is the least urbanized country among the top 10 economies of the world. In addition, unlike other countries, the transition of workforce out of agriculture is incomplete. This coupled with jobless growth in recent years has contributed to an increase in certain migration streams. While rural-rural migration continues to be the largest in terms of magnitude, we also document an increase in two-way commuting across rural and urban areas. Further, there are a large number of short term migrants and an increase in return migration rate is also observed.

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Section: The Phenomenon Of Commutingmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Mohanan (2008) and Sharma and Chandrasekhar (2013) have documented the large numbers of individuals engaged in non-agricultural work commuting between rural and urban areas in India. A commuting worker is one whose place of work (rural, urban, no fixed place) differs from his or her usual place of residence (rural, urban).…”

Section: The Phenomenon Of Commutingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization and Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in India

Chandrasekhar

Sharma

2015

Spat Demogr

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“…For example, the small and medium urban centers tend to rely on agricultural produce from their peri-urban areas more than their larger counterparts [72,74]. Also, it is common in peri-urban regions in developing countries for people to commute to work between the city and their villages or towns nearby [75,76]. More often than not, inequalities in access to services as well as employment opportunities facilitate these interactions [75,76] bringing out in sharp contrast the linkage between urban sustainability and rural livelihoods-especially in the context of growing small and medium urban centers.…”

Section: What Types Of Land Covers Are Lost To Urban Expansion?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, it is common in peri-urban regions in developing countries for people to commute to work between the city and their villages or towns nearby [75,76]. More often than not, inequalities in access to services as well as employment opportunities facilitate these interactions [75,76] bringing out in sharp contrast the linkage between urban sustainability and rural livelihoods-especially in the context of growing small and medium urban centers. Thus, in a sound urbanization strategy, the role of peri-urban agriculture would also be acknowledged in improving the links between urban, peri-urban, and rural areas (SDG target 11a) while contributing to food security (SDG 2) [67,68,77].…”

Section: What Types Of Land Covers Are Lost To Urban Expansion?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in urban land expansion, density, and land transitions from 1970 to 2010: a global synthesis

Güneralp

Reba

Hales

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Lett.

268

102

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The physical expansion of urban areas lead to lasting impacts on landscapes and livelihoods. Here, we conduct a global synthesis of trends in urban land expansion, in urban population densities, and lands converted into urban from 1970 to 2010. We find that small-medium urban areas lead their larger counterparts in both rates of urban land expansion and decreases in urban population densities. Urban population densities have consistently declined only in India, China, North America, and Europe with significant exceptions across city sizes. Over 60% of the reported urban expansion was formerly agricultural land with China, Southeast Asia, and Europe in the lead. Counterfactual analysis suggests that, due to the decrease in urban population densities, an estimated 125 000 km 2 land was converted to urban land uses that could have otherwise remained in cultivation or as natural vegetation. In particular, in India and Nigeria, with much of their populations dependent on agriculture, 85% and 30% more land, respectively, was converted to urban land due to decreasing urban population densities. With increasing urbanization, proactive management of urban land expansion, especially in small and medium cities, will be critical for saving agricultural lands in periurban regions while creating equitable and affordable urban landscapes.

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“…5. Sharma and Chandrasekhar (2014) have analyzed the issue of two-way commuting between rural and urban areas. Their analysis includes all those in the labour force and not only the self-employed.…”

Section: All India/statementioning

confidence: 99%

Home-based Workers and Multiple Uses of Dwellings in Urban India

Chandrasekhar¹

2014

Environment and Urbanization ASIA

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This article complements the literature on self-employment by focusing on the issue of multiple use of dwelling and home-based workers in urban India. Using data from Census of India 2011, the article establishes the prevalence of multiple uses of houses. Following this, the descriptive analysis, based on unit level data from a unique nationally representative data set on employment and unemployment for the year 2009-2010, establishes sufficient heterogeneity between the three types of home-based workers: own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers. The heterogeneity is along many dimensions: age, education, skill, industry of work and monthly per capita expenditure. There are also marked differences in operational characteristics. From a policy perspective, this article makes two contributions. It argues that recognition of multiple use of dwelling is the first step towards having a discussion on whether home-based enterprises can be visualized as a livelihood improvement strategy for low-income households. Second, despite the sizable number of houses in slums being used for purposes other than residence, this fact is often neglected while thinking of the potential adverse impacts of slum resettlement policies on livelihoods.

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Growth of the Urban Shadow, Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities, and Commuting by Workers in Rural and Urban India

Cited by 45 publications

References 20 publications

Urbanization and Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in India

Urbanization and Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in India

Trends in urban land expansion, density, and land transitions from 1970 to 2010: a global synthesis

Home-based Workers and Multiple Uses of Dwellings in Urban India

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