Growth of the Swine Fetus

Ullrey, D. E.; Sprague, Judy; Becker, D. E.; Miller, E. R.

doi:10.2527/jas1965.243711x

Cited by 76 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…In light of the tenascin-C mitogenic effects for several cell types [30], we expected to find higher tenascin-C transcript levels in tissues from fast growing fetuses [31] than in adults, especially those from 42-month-old females. Actually, only a few fetal tissues expressed higher transcription levels of both genes compared to the corresponding tissues from adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Tissue Distribution in Pigs of Tenascin‐X and Tenascin‐C Transcripts

Geffrotin

Garrido

Tremet

et al. 1995

European Journal of Biochemistry

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-EJB 95 0444/2Tenascin-X and tenascin-C glycoproteins are phylogenetically conserved components of the extracellular matrix, although their specific roles remain to be determined. cDNA probes were produced from pig tenascin-X and tenascin-C genes and were used to examine the tissue distribution of the transcripts in 28 tissues from Large-White pigs, 4.5-42-months old (called adults) and 17 tissues from 87-day-old fetuses. The hybridization of Northern blots with tenascin-X probes revealed, in most tissues, a complex pattern of bands including a major band of about 13 kb, assumed to correspond to the main tenascin-X transcript. Hybridization with the tenascin-C probe showed two transcripts of 6.8 kb and 8.2 kb. The data from the ribonuclease-protection technique showed that both genes displayed large variations in the transcription levels among the tissues analysed. Overall, the tenascin-X gene was significantly expressed in two thirds of the tissues, and the tenascin-C gene in about 50% of them. The highest tenascin-X signals were observed in tendons, ligaments and, unexpectedly, in peripheral nerves. Other tissues, including colon, dermis, skin, heart, uterus, stomach, jejunum, placentae, aorta, lung, mammary and adrenal glands also exhibited significant signal intensities. In fetuses, mainly testes and skeletal muscle showed higher transcription levels than the adult counterparts. The tenascin-C gene was predominantly transcribed in the ligament, tendon, adrenal gland and colon, and more weakly in the stomach, jejunum, lung and spinal cord. In fetuses, the tenascin-C signal in the brain was higher than the signal in the brain of adult, whereas the reverse was true for the adrenal gland and the colon. Within a given tissue, the level of tenascin-X and tenascin-C transcripts varied greatly, indicating independent tenascin-X and tenascin-C transcription regulation mechanisms; this was particularly obvious in adult and fetal nerves but also in the dermis, skin, heart, uterus, placentae and aorta, where tenascin-X RNA molecules were much more abundant than those of tenascin-C. In addition, similar differences were observed in the skeletal muscle and adrenal gland of fetuses. In contrast, the amount of tenascin-C transcripts in the fetal brain and adult spinal cord was higher than those for tenascin-X. Our results draw attention to a possible specific role of tenascin-X in the peripheral nerve physiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Tissue Distribution in Pigs of Tenascin‐X and Tenascin‐C Transcripts

Geffrotin

Garrido

Tremet

et al. 1995

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…Preparation and characterization of nuclear donor cells: Fetal fibroblasts obtained from an about 30-day-old porcine fetus [27], were used as nuclear donor source. The fetus was washed 3 times in physiological saline.…”

Section: Oocyte Collection and Maturation Culture In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Maturational Age of Porcine Oocytes on the Induction of Activation and Development In Vitro Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

Ikeda

Takahashi

2001

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. To determine the effect of maturational age of porcine oocytes on the induction of activation and development following nuclear transfer, we investigated maturation rate and efficacy of oocyte activation treatment with an electrical stimulus (ES) and cycloheximide (CHX) at various timing of maturation culture. Most oocytes developed to the metaphase II (MII) stage after 32 hr of maturation culture. Both in newly matured (32 and 36 hr of age) and MII-arrested (42 and 48 hr of age) oocytes, ES followed by exposure to CHX for 6 hr caused higher rates of pronuclear formation than ES alone. Effect of maturational age of oocytes on the development of parthenotes activated with ES and CHX was then examined. The highest percentage of parthenotes developed to blastocysts was obtained when ES was added at 42 hr of culture. Finally, newly matured (33 hr of age) and MII-arrested oocytes (44 hr of age) were enucleated, fused with serum-starved pig fetal fibroblasts and activated with ES and CHX around suitable timing (39 to 40 hr of age) or later (50 to 51 hr of age), respectively. The frequencies of cleavage (58.8%) and blastocyst formation (13.6%) of newly matured oocytes were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of MII-arrested oocytes (38.9 and 1.8%, respectively). These results demonstrated that the development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos can be improved by using complete matured oocytes as cytoplasts and activation treatment with ES followed by CHX treatment. KEY WORDS: activation, cycloheximide, nuclear transfer, oocyte age, swine.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 63(9): 1003-1008, 2001 Recently, successful nuclear transfers using fetal and adult somatic cells as donor karyoplasts were reported in sheep [31], mice [29], cattle [6,11,30], goats [1] and pigs [2,18,21]. In the pig, however, the rate of offspring per embryos transferred was very low (0.9 to 6.9%), indicating that the viability of in vitro produced embryo is still low.Pig follicular oocytes reach the metaphase II (MII) stage after in vitro maturation culture for 36 hr [32]. Arrest at the MII stage for a longer period (oocyte aging) may cause deterioration of various cytoskeletal components [14], which might be responsible for the low efficiency of the nuclear transfer procedure and the poor developmental potential of the embryos obtained thereby in cattle [26] and pig [4]. The development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos could be improved by using newly matured oocytes (33 hr of maturation culture) compared to 44 hr-cultured ones as recipient cytoplasts [4]. However, newly matured porcine oocytes (36 hr of maturation culture) showed lower developmental potentials after in vitro fertilization compared to the oocytes cultured for 44 hr [8]. In addition, recently ovulated mouse oocytes [24] and newly matured bovine oocytes [7,9] showed lower developmental potential after in vitro fertilization compared with the oocytes cultured for an additional culture period. It is unclear that the relationship of maturation culture period and acquisition of develo...

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“…Live-born piglets were euthanized, and all expelled fetuses (mummified, dead, and live born) from all groups were necropsied and evaluated for gross lesions. Crown-to-rump measurements were used to determine the approximate time of death of mummified and dead fetuses during the gestation (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-Based Modified Live Vaccines on Preimmunized Sows Artificially Inseminated with European PRRSV-Spiked Semen

Han

Seo

et al. 2012

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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The objective of the present study was to determine if the European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted via spiked semen to preimmunized sows and induce reproductive failure. Sows were immunized with the North American PRRSV-based modified live vaccine (Ingelvac PRRS MLV; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, St. Joseph, MO) and were artificially inseminated. The sows were randomly divided into three groups. The vaccinated (group 2) and nonvaccinated (group 3) sows developed a PRRSV viremia at 7 to 28 days postinsemination with the European PRRSV-spiked semen. The number of genomic copies of the European PRRSV in serum samples was not significantly different between vaccinated and nonvaccinated sows. All negative-control sows in group 1 farrowed at the expected date. The sows in groups 2 and 3 farrowed between 103 and 110 days after the first insemination. European PRRSV RNA was detected in the lungs of 8 out of 11 live-born piglets and 46 out of 54 stillborn fetuses. In addition, PRRSV RNA was detected using in situ hybridization in other tissues from vaccinated sows that had been inseminated with European PRRSV-spiked semen (group 2). The present study has demonstrated that vaccinating sows with the North American PRRSV-based modified live vaccine does not prevent reproductive failure after insemination with European PRRSV-spiked semen.

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Growth of the Swine Fetus

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Distinct Tissue Distribution in Pigs of Tenascin‐X and Tenascin‐C Transcripts

Distinct Tissue Distribution in Pigs of Tenascin‐X and Tenascin‐C Transcripts

Effects of Maturational Age of Porcine Oocytes on the Induction of Activation and Development In Vitro Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

Effects of North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-Based Modified Live Vaccines on Preimmunized Sows Artificially Inseminated with European PRRSV-Spiked Semen

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