Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Diprivan and Intralipid

Langevin, Paul; Gravenstein, Nikolaus; Doyle, Thomas J.; Roberts, Steven A.; Skinner, Stacy; Langevin, Sharon O.; Gulig, Paul A.

doi:10.1097/00000542-199911000-00032

Cited by 43 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Propofol formulated in lipid supports microbial growth [1][2][3][4]. Propofol was introduced in the USA in 1989 for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only Diprivan contains 0.005% w ⁄ v EDTA. Several studies have shown that propofol supports the growth of microorganisms when inoculated in vitro; however, there so not appear to be studies comparing the antimicrobial activity of 0.005% w ⁄ v EDTA in propofol with that of other commercially available formulations [1][2][3][4]. In this study, we compared microbial growth in commercially available formulations, and found that propofol with EDTA suppressed the growth of MSSA, .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. , 62, pages 575-580 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Propofol formulated in lipid supports microbial growth; thus some propofol formulations contain disodium edetate (EDTA) as an antimicrobial agent [1][2][3][4]. All generic propofol formulations in the United States include antimicrobial agents.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This concentration is effective in retarding microbial growth to less than 1 log colony forming units per millilitre (CFU.ml ) [5]. Several studies have shown that propofol supports the growth of microorganisms when inoculated in vitro; however, there have been no reports comparing the antimicrobial activity of 0.005% w ⁄ v EDTA in propofol with that of other commercially available formulations [1][2][3][4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial growth in propofol formulations with disodium edetate and the influence of venous access system dead space*

Fukada

Ozaki

2007

Anaesthesia

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“…Propofol formulated in lipid supports microbial growth [1][2][3][4]. Propofol was introduced in the USA in 1989 for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Microbial growth in propofol formulations with disodium edetate and the influence of venous access system dead space*

Fukada

Ozaki

2007

Anaesthesia

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“…Although propofol lipid emulsion is bactericidal or bacteriostatic for some microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (Crowther et al 1996), it does support the growth of other clinically relevant pathogens such as Escherichia coli or Candida albicans (Graystone et al 1997;Wachowski et al 1999). Propofol lipid solutions containing 0.005% (w/v) disodium edetate may have a reduced potency to support bacterial growth, although no clear effect on the rate of bacterial growth after contamination at room temperature could be demonstrated, and Intralipid itself clearly supports bacterial growth − (Fukada and Ozaki 2007;Langevin et al 1999;Vidovich et al 1999). Prolonged infusion of propofol for sedation may cause hypertriglyceridemia, which is a limitation for the use of propofol for long-term sedation (Lindholm 1992;McKeage and Perry 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GPI 15715 or Fospropofol (Aquavan Injection) — A Water-Soluble Propofol Prodrug

Fechner

Schwilden

Schüttler

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

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Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is inadequably soluble in water and is therefore formulated as a lipid emulsion. This may have disadvantages when propofol is used to provide total intravenous anaesthesia or especially during long-term sedation. There has been considerable interest in the development of new propofol formulations or propofol prodrugs. GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection; Guilford Pharmaceutical, Baltimore, MD) is the first water-soluble prodrug that has been thoroughly studied in human volunteers and patients. GPI 15751 or fospropofol is cleaved by alkaline phosphatase to phosphate, formaldehyde and propofol. Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolised to formate. Although a formate accumulation is the principal pathomechanism responsible for the toxicity of methanol ingestion, so far there has been no report of toxicity due to the administration of fospropofol or other phosphate ester prodrugs, such as fosphenytoin. Fosphenytoin has been successfully introduced into the market for the treatment of status epilepticus in 1996. The main side-effects were a feeling of paraesthesia after rapid i.v. administration of GPI 15715 or fospropofol, which has also been described for fosphenytoin. The pharmacokinetics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol could be described by a combined pharmacokinetic model with a submodel of two compartments for GPI 15715 and of three compartments for propofol(G). The liberated propofol(G) compared to lipid-formulated propofol showed unexpected pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. We found a significantly greater V(c), V(dss), significantly shorter alpha- and beta-half-life and a longer MRT (mean residence time) for propofol(G). The pharmacodynamic potency of propofol(G) appears to be higher than propofol when measured by EEG and clinical signs of hypnosis. In summary, GPI 15715 or fospropofol was well suited to provide anaesthesia or conscious sedation.

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Enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of bacteriophage‐K via stabilization using oil‐in‐water nano‐emulsions

Esteban

Alves

Enright

et al. 2014

Biotechnology Progress

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Bacteriophage therapy is a promising new treatment that may help overcome the threat posed by antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, which are increasingly identified in hospitalized patients. The development of biocompatible and sustainable vehicles for incorporation of viable bacterial viruses into a wound dressing is a promising alternative. This article evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of Bacteriophage K against Staphylococcus aureus over time, when stabilized and delivered via an oil-in-water nano-emulsion. Nano-emulsions were formulated via thermal phase inversion emulsification, and then bacterial growth was challenged with either native emulsion, or emulsion combined with Bacteriophage K. Bacteriophage infectivity, and the influence of storage time of the preparation, were assessed by turbidity measurements of bacterial samples. Newly prepared Bacteriophage K/nano-emulsion formulations have greater antimicrobial activity than freely suspended bacteriophage. The phage-loaded emulsions caused rapid and complete bacterial death of three different strains of S. aureus. The same effect was observed for preparations that were either stored at room temperature (18-20°C), or chilled at 4°C, for up to 10 days of storage. A response surface design of experiments was used to gain insight on the relative effects of the emulsion formulation on bacterial growth and phage lytic activity. More diluted emulsions had a less significant effect on bacterial growth, and diluted bacteriophage-emulsion preparations yielded greater antibacterial activity. The enhancement of bacteriophage activity when delivered via nano-emulsions is yet to be reported. This prompts further investigation into the use of these formulations for the development of novel anti-microbial wound management strategies.

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Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Diprivan and Intralipid

Abstract: These results suggest that Diprivan, and possibly Intralipid, represent poor media for the growth of S. aureus and may promote infection through mechanisms other than increased inoculum size.

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Microbial growth in propofol formulations with disodium edetate and the influence of venous access system dead space*

Microbial growth in propofol formulations with disodium edetate and the influence of venous access system dead space*

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GPI 15715 or Fospropofol (Aquavan Injection) — A Water-Soluble Propofol Prodrug

Enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of bacteriophage‐K via stabilization using oil‐in‐water nano‐emulsions

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