Growth of simultaneous masking for fm&amp;lt;fs: Effects of overall frequency and level

Bacon, Sid P.; Boden, Larissa N.; Lee, Jungmee; Repovsch, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1121/1.427060

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For f p = 4300 Hz and f m = 3000 Hz, they found an average slope of 1.9 ͑dB/dB͒ for levels similar to ours ͑60-90 dB SPL͒. Bacon et al ͑1999͒ concluded that for signal frequencies at or above 750 Hz, the slope of the growth of the SM function changed from a value greater than 1 ͑average Ϸ1.9͒ for 60-80 dB SPL signals to close to 1 at levels Ն80 dB SPL. Other studies of GOM using either a FM or FM-SM paradigm ͑Oxenham and Plack, 1997;Plack and Oxenham, 1998;Yasin and Plack, 2005͒, with f p = 4000 Hz, f m = 2400 and 4000 Hz, and stimulus parameters similar to ours, have reported that, on average, the on-frequency FM slopes were 2.4 dB/dB, a value greater than the on-frequency SM slopes when plotted as functions of signal level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on stimulus conditions, all of these mechanisms may contribute to the masking of a signal. The contribution of suppression to masking has been described in psychophysical studies ͑e.g., Shannon, 1976;Weber and Green, 1978;Duifhuis, 1980;Moore et al, 1984;Bacon et al, 1999͒, but it is difficult to separate suppression effects from other effects based on psychophysical data alone. In the psychophysical-masking task, an increase in masker level ͑ML͒ requires a similar increase in signal level when masker and probe are close in frequency because response growths of the masker and signal are similar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of suppression in psychophysical tone-on-tone masking

Rodríguez

Neely

Patra

et al. 2010

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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This study tested the hypothesis that suppression contributes to the difference between simultaneous masking ͑SM͒ and forward masking ͑FM͒. To obtain an alternative estimate of suppression, distortion-product otoacoustic emissions ͑DPOAEs͒ were measured in the presence of a suppressor tone. Psychophysical-masking and DPOAE-suppression measurements were made in 22 normal-hearing subjects for a 4000-Hz signal/ f 2 and two masker/suppressor frequencies: 2141 and 4281 Hz. Differences between SM and FM at the same masker level were used to provide a psychophysical estimate of suppression. The increase in L 2 to maintain a constant output ͑L d ͒ provided a DPOAE estimate of suppression for a range of suppressor levels. The similarity of the psychophysical and DPOAE estimates for the two masker/suppressor frequencies suggests that the difference in amount of masking between SM and FM is at least partially due to suppression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of suppression in psychophysical tone-on-tone masking

Rodríguez

Neely

Patra

et al. 2010

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…This represents the difference in input sound level needed to produce a fixed low amount of vibration on the basilar membrane in a healthy ear and an ear in which the active mechanism is not functioning (for example following the death of the animal). Psychophysical data obtained from humans suggest gains of similar magnitude, and also suggest that the gain of the active mechanism is greater at high frequencies than at low frequencies (Oxenham and Plack, 1997;Plack and Oxenham, 1998;Bacon et al, 1999;Hicks and Bacon, 1999;Moore et al, 1999b;Plack and Oxenham, 2000). It seems likely that hearing loss due purely to OHC dysfunction cannot be greater than 50 dB at low frequencies and 65 dB at high frequencies.…”

Section: The Effect Of Dead Regions On the Audiogrammentioning

confidence: 98%

Dead Regions in the Cochlea: Diagnosis, Perceptual Consequences, and Implications for the Fitting of Hearing Aids

Moore

2001

Trends in Amplification

197

175

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Hearing impairment is often associated with damage to the hair cells in the cochlea. Sometimes there may be complete loss of function of inner hair cells (IHCs) over a certain region of the cochlea; this is called a "dead region". The region can be defined in terms of the range of characteristic frequencies (CFs) of the IHCs and/or neurons immediately adjacent to the dead region. This paper reviews the following topics: the effect of dead regions on the audiogram; methods for the detection and delineation of dead regions based on psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) and on the measurement of thresholds for pure tones in "threshold equalizing noise" (TEN); effects of dead regions on speech perception; effects of dead regions on the perception of tones; implications of dead regions for fitting hearing aids. The main conclusions are: (1) Dead regions may be relatively common in people with moderate-tosevere sensorineural hearing loss; (2) Dead regions cannot be reliably diagnosed from the audiogram; (3) PTCs provide a useful way of detecting dead regions and defining their boundaries. However, the determination of PTCs is probably too time-consuming to be used for routine diagnosis of dead regions in clinical practice; (4) The measurement of detection thresholds for pure tones in TEN provides a simple method for clinical diagnosis of dead regions; (5) Pure tones with frequencies falling in a dead region do not evoke clear pitch sensations (pitch matching is highly variable) and the perceived pitch is sometimes, but not always, different from "normal". However, ratings of pitch clarity cannot be used as a reliable indicator of a dead region; (6) Amplification of frequencies well inside a high-frequency dead region usually does not improve speech intelligibility, and may sometimes impair it. However, there may be some benefit in amplifying frequencies up to 50 to 100% above the estimated low-frequency edge of a high-frequency dead region; (7) The optimal form of amplification for people with low-frequency dead regions remains somewhat unclear. There may be some benefit from avoiding the amplification of frequencies well inside a dead region; (8) Patients with extensive dead regions are likely to get less benefit from hearing aids than patients without dead regions; (9) For patients with diagnosed dead regions at high frequencies, consideration should be given to use of a hearing aid incorporating frequency transposition and/or compression.

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“…Some (Ruggero and Rich 1991;Ruggero et al 1992;Oxenham and Plack 1997;Gregan et al 1998;Bacon et al 1999;Nelson et al 2001;Yasin and Plack 2003), although not all (Bacon and Viemeister 1985;Murugasu and Russell 1995;Ruggero et al 1997) physiological and psychophysical studies show that the slope of the I/O function or GOM function returns to a value of 1 dB/dB for high-level signals. The implication being that for high-level signals the BM response to both the signal and masker may grow linearly at the signal place, as is the case for low-level signals (Delgutte 1990a;Yates et al 1990).…”

Section: The Growth Of Masking and Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Suppression in the Upward Spread of Masking

Yasin

Plack

2005

JARO

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The upward spread of masking refers to the higher growth rate of masking for maskers lower in frequency than the signal, compared to maskers at the signal frequency (Wegel RL, Lane CE. The auditory masking of one pure tone by another and its possible relation to the dynamics of the inner ear. Physics Rev. 23:266-285, 1924; Egan JP, Hake HW. On the masking pattern of a simple auditory stimulus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22:622-630, 1950; Delgutte B. Physiological mechanisms of psychophysical masking: Observations from auditory-nerve fibres. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87:791-809, 1990a, Delgutte B. Two-tone rate suppression in auditory-nerve fibres: Dependence on suppressor frequency and level. Hear Res. 49:225-246, 1990b). The upward spread of simultaneous masking may arise from a combination of excitatory and suppressive effects. In this study, growth of masking functions were obtained for a 4-kHz signal masked by an on-frequency (4 kHz) or offfrequency (2.4 kHz), simultaneous or forward masker, in the presence of a notched noise with a center frequency of 4 kHz presented to restrict off-frequency listening. Compression was estimated from the slopes of the off-frequency growth of masking functions. Suppression was estimated by comparing the offfrequency simultaneous-and forward-masked growth of masking functions. Results showed that, for midlevel signals (35-60 dB SPL), the compression exponent estimated from simultaneous and forward masking averaged 0.31 and 0.26, respectively. The maximum amount of suppression (defined as the decrease in the basilar-membrane response to the signal) was variable, ranging from about 6 to 17 dB across subjects. Despite the substantial reduction in the response to the signal, the results suggest that suppression has a minimal effect on the slope of the masking function at mid levels. Rather, upward spread of masking seems to be mainly determined by the compressive basilar-membrane response to the signal in relation to the linear response to the lowerfrequency masker.

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Growth of simultaneous masking for fm<fs: Effects of overall frequency and level

Cited by 25 publications

References 38 publications

The role of suppression in psychophysical tone-on-tone masking

The role of suppression in psychophysical tone-on-tone masking

Dead Regions in the Cochlea: Diagnosis, Perceptual Consequences, and Implications for the Fitting of Hearing Aids

The Role of Suppression in the Upward Spread of Masking

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