Growth of SBN single crystals by Stepanov technique for photorefractive applications

Strontium–barium niobate single crystals, growth and ferroelectric properties

“…They showed photographs of their large and high-quality Czochralski grown SBN crystals, however, they did not report on the details of the growing process. The main achievements were reached by Ivleva with co-workers (General Physics Institute of the RAS, Moscow, Russia) [15,16] and group from Osnabru¨ck University [8,19,20]. It has been stated that it is very difficult to obtain good quality SBN crystals by the Czochralski method.…”

“…Hitherto, the bulk single crystals of SBN of different quality have been grown by the Czochralski and Bridgman techniques [4][5][6][7][8][10][11][12][13][14], also by using Stepanov [15,16], double crucible Stepanov method [17] and floating zone method [18]. The related and pertinent results were presented in classic review of Neurgaonkar et al [2].…”

Effect of Ni doping on ferroelectric and dielectric properties of strontium barium niobate crystals

“…Details of the growing procedure, by a modified Stepanov method, are presented elsewhere [23]. Doping was performed by adding Ni 2 O 3 (0.01 and 0.5 wt.%) in the melt.…”

Growth and EPR and optical properties of Li2B4O7 single crystals doped with Co2+ ions

“…Some photorefractive crystals, e.g. strontium barium niobate doped with Cr or Co, are promising materials with short response time applications [15].…”