Growth of Salvinia molesta as affected by water temperature and nutrition. III. Nitrogen-phosphorus interactions and effect of pH

Cary, P. R.; Weerts, Peter G.J.

doi:10.1016/0304-3770(84)90015-9

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Regression coefficients were not significantly different for the 3 insects species, but all were greater than 0. Cary & Weerts (1984) suggested that S. molesta grew optimally in water from 24-28~ with little growth occurring below 20~ particularly when nutrients were limiting. In the present experiments plants in running-water experienced temperatures at or below 20~ from April to October while those in still-water were at higher temperatures, with mean leaf and root zone temperatures below 20~ only from April to August (figs 1 & 2).…”

Section: W Forno and A S Bournementioning

confidence: 97%

Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil

Forno

Bourne

1986

Entomophaga

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The effect of Cyrtobagous salviniae, Samea rnultiplicalis, and Paulinia acuminata on the growth of Salvinia rnolesta was assessed in relation to temperature in field cages at 2 sites in Brazil, a canal with running-water and a lagoon with stillwater. Each insect species reduced the growth of S. molesta over a mean leaftemperature range of 16-30~ causing more damage as temperature increased. There was no difference between the 3 species in response to temperature. These results and their implication to the performance of these insects as biological control agents against S. molesta are discussed.KEY WORDS : Salvinia, Cyrtobagous, Samea, Paulinia, Biocontrol, temperature, nitrogen.Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) is a floating fern, native to south-eastern Brazil (Forno & Harley, 1979 ;Forno, 1983), which has become a serious weed in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Holm et al., 1977). Surveys of the native arthropod fauna ofS. molesta (Forno & Bourne, 1984), indicated that 3 host specific insects were acceptable for biological control of this weed : Cyrtobagous salviniae (Col. : Curculionidae) Calder & Sands (Calder & Sands, 1985), Samea multiplicalis (Lep. : Pyralidae) Guenee and Paulinia acuminata (Orth. : Acrididae) (De Geer). The biology and host specificity of these insects was described by Forno et al. (1983), Knopf & Habeek (1976), Sands et al., 1983, Sands & Kassulke (1984, and Thomas (1980). These insects are found throughout the native range of S. molesta in Brazil (Forno & Bourne, 1984), and frequently occur at the same sites. Biological control of S. molesta is required over a range of climates throughout the world and this study evaluates how temperature influenced the effect each species had on the growth of S. molesta in 2 different habitats in Brazil during 1980/81. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe 2 experimental sites were on the coast near Morretes, Paran/t State, Brazil (lat. 25 ~ 30"S, long. 48 ~ 50"W), near the northern limit of the natural distribution of S, molesta and received water from the same stream. One site was a canal, containing running-water used to irrigate rice fields, and the 2nd was a lagoon, 10 m from the canal, containing still-water.

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Section: W Forno and A S Bournementioning

confidence: 97%

Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil

Forno

Bourne

1986

Entomophaga

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“…Salvinia "grows more rapidly when provided with dissolved inorganic N as NH 4 + rather than NO 3 -ions" [61]. "High levels of biomass production and doubling in less than 4 days occurred in salvinia in solutions with N and P combinations varying from 2 to 20 mg NH 4 -N L -1 and from 2 to 10 mg PO 4 -P L -1 [65]. It was reported that in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, the ramets doubled in 8 to 17 days [28].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alien Invasive Aquatic Plant Species in Botswana: Historical Perspective and Management

Kurugundla¹,

Mathangwane²,

Sakuringwa³

et al. 2016

TOPSJ

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Aquatic ecosystems in Botswana have been under threat by the aquatic alien invasive plant species viz., salvinia Salvinia molesta Mitchell, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes L., and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. While salvinia has been termed the major threat to the Botswana wetlands, water lettuce and water hyacinth are considered to be of minor importance. This review presents the species biology, distribution, historical spread, negative impacts, control achieved right from their discovery in the country by referring to their control and management in the world.Having infested the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers in the 1970s, salvinia was initially tried by the use of herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, between 1972 and 1976. With the discovery of the host specific biological control weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands in 1981, the weevil was introduced by Namibians on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1983 and by Botswana in 1986 in the Okavango Delta. While the control was slowly establishing in Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers, it became apparent that lakes and perennial swamps within and outside Moremi Game Reserve of the Okavango Delta were infested with salvinia from 1992 onwards.With continuous and sustained liberation of the weevil in the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers and in the Okavango Delta between 1999 and 2000, salvinia control was achieved by 2003, and since then the weevil constantly keeps the weed at low levels. The success is mainly due to sustainable monitoring through the application of physical and biological control methods. However, salvinia is still threatening the Okavango Delta due to factors such as tourism activities, boat navigation fishing and transporttion by wild animals.The first occurrence of water lettuce was recorded on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1986. Its biocontrol weevil Neohydronomous affinis Hustache was released in the year 1987. The weevil became extinct in Selinda Canal and Zibadianja Lake on Kwando River due to dry and wet events for over 10 years and the weed had been under control biologically on Chobe River. Having surface covered the Selinda and a part of the Zibadianja in high flood and rainfall in 1999/2000 season, research was undertaken to contain water lettuce, which led to its eradication by 2005. Regular physical removal of the water lettuce prior to fruit maturity is an effective method of control or eradicating the weed in seasonal water bodies.The Limpopo Basin (shared by Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique) has become vulnerable to water hyacinth infestation. Water hyacinth infested the trans-boundary Limpopo River in 2010 sourced from Hartbeesport Dam on Crocodile River in South Africa. Botswana and South Africa have been consulting each other to implement integrated control of the weed jointly in the Limpopo River. Water hyacinth could be a continuous threat to the dams and the rivers in the Limpopo basin if its control is not taken seriously.These three species are found growing in Botswana in a range of pH...

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“…The Salvinia genus is native to the Neotropics, extending from Mexico and the Galapagos Islands through Central America and Caribbean and most of South America (Sculthorpe, 1967). This macrophyte presents high growth rates, high rates of reproduction and the ability to accumulate nutrients (McFarland et al, 2004;Cary and Weerts, 1984). The sensitivity to different substances allows the use of S. molesta as a biological indicator of contaminated environments (Suñe et al, 2007) while its high growth rate favors its use as phytoremediation agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

Rev. ambiente água

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Growth of Salvinia molesta as affected by water temperature and nutrition. III. Nitrogen-phosphorus interactions and effect of pH

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil

Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil

Alien Invasive Aquatic Plant Species in Botswana: Historical Perspective and Management

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