Growth of germanium dioxide single crystals with Î±-quartz structure and investigation of their crystal structure, optical, elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric and mechanical properties

Balitsky, Denis; Balitsky, V. S.; Pisarevsky, Yu. V.; Philippot, E.; Sil’vestrova, O. Yu.; Pushcharovsky, D.Y.

doi:10.1016/s0151-9107(01)90034-0

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The crystal structure and quality of these flux-grown α-GeO 2 materials were studied by both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction at room temperature [16,93,94]. The refinements confirmed the crystallization of the α-quartz-type structure and the lattice parameters and volumes were in good agreement with the literature data [4,10,11,32,80]. The excellent final reliability factors of the refinements indicated that the as-grown α-GeO 2 crystals were of high quality precluding the presence of any considerable amount of twinning [16].…”

Section: Flux-grown α-Geosupporting

confidence: 75%

“…As for hydrothermally-grown α-GaPO 4 single crystals, OH contamination of the lattice was reported for hydrothermally-grown α-GeO 2 [43,79,80,94]. In a non-polarized infrared spectrum collected in the transmission mode of a hydrothermally-grown α-GeO 2 material containing significant OH-groups, Figure 2, a well-pronounced broad band between 2500 and 3800 cm −1 is observed with maxima at about 3455, 3500 and 3562 cm −1 attributed to Ge-OH vibration groups [43,79,81,94].…”

Section: Flux-grown α-Geomentioning

confidence: 86%

“…When epitaxially-grown in the temperature region where it is metastable, the hydrothermally-grown alpha-quartz form of GeO 2 contains high OH impurities which rather easily catalyze its return to the thermodynamically stable rutile-like structure when heated as low as 180 °C [77][78][79][80][81].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

et al. 2014

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Using the slow-cooling method in selected MoO 3 -based fluxes, single-crystals of GeO 2 and GaPO 4 materials with an α-quartz-like structure were grown at high temperatures (T ≥ 950 °C). These piezoelectric materials were obtained in millimeter-size as well-faceted, visually colorless and transparent crystals. Compared to crystals grown by hydrothermal methods, infrared and Raman measurements revealed flux-grown samples without significant hydroxyl group contamination and thermal analyses demonstrated a total reversibility of the α-quartz ↔ β-cristobalite phase transition for GaPO 4 and an absence of phase transition before melting for α-GeO 2 . The elastic constants C IJ (with I, J indices from 1 to 6) of these flux-grown piezoelectric crystals were experimentally determined at room and high temperatures. The ambient results for as-grown α-GaPO 4 were in good agreement with those obtained from hydrothermally-grown samples and the two longitudinal elastic constants measured versus temperature up to 850 °C showed a monotonous evolution. The extraction of the ambient piezoelectric stress contribution e 11 from the C D 11 to C E 11 difference gave for the piezoelectric strain coefficient d 11 of flux-grown α-GeO 2 crystal a value of 5.7(2) pC/N, which is more than twice that of α-quartz. As the α-quartz structure of GeO 2 remained stable up to melting, a piezoelectric activity was observed up to 1000 °C.

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Section: Flux-grown α-Geosupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Flux-grown α-Geomentioning

confidence: 86%

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Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

et al. 2014

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“…[3] a-GeO 2 presents a highly distorted structure, which prevents the ato b-quartz phase transition (observed around 846 K in quartz), and should result in an electromechanical coupling coefficient, k, at least twice that of quartz. [7] Their room temperature infrared (IR) spectra indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups and water molecules incorporated through the aqueous medium. [7] Their room temperature infrared (IR) spectra indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups and water molecules incorporated through the aqueous medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Temperature Elastic Moduli of Flux‐Grown α‐GeO₂ Single Crystal

et al. 2013

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From high-precision Brillouin spectroscopy measurements, six elastic constants (C11, C33, C44, C66, C12, and C14) of a flux-grown GeO2 single crystal with the α-quartz-like structure are obtained in the 298-1273 K temperature range. High-temperature powder X-ray diffraction data is collected to determine the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters and the volume thermal expansion coefficients. The temperature dependence of the mass density, ρ, is evaluated and used to estimate the thermal dependence of its refractive indices (ordinary and extraordinary), according to the Lorentz-Lorenz equation. The extraction of the ambient piezoelectric stress contribution, e11, from the C'11-C11 difference gives, for the piezoelectric strain coefficient d11 , a value of 5.7(2) pC N(-1), which is more than twice that of α-quartz. As the quartz structure of α-GeO2 remains stable until melting, piezoelectric activity is observed until 1273 K.

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“…In spite of an improvement in the transport of the chemical species, the nutrient was transformed to the relatively insoluble rutile phase of GeO 2 . To avoid the phase transformation of the nutrient, a new refluxed method [51] of growth was developed, which consists of generating in the autoclave successive recirculation of the solution. In this way, the nutrient of soluble α-quartz GeO 2 is not permanently in contact with the solution and the nutrient does not transform into the relatively insoluble rutile-type phase.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Growth Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of Piezoelectric α-Quartz Phase of AO2 (A = Ge, Si) and MXO4 (M = Al, Ga, Fe and X = P, As): A Historical Overview

Cambon

Haines

2017

Crystals

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Abstract:Quartz is the most frequently used piezoelectric material. Single crystals are industrially grown by the hydrothermal route under super-critical conditions (150 MPa-623 K). This paper is an overview of the hydrothermal crystal growth of the AO 2 and MXO 4 α-quartz isotypes. All of the studies on the crystal growth of this family of materials enable some general and schematic conclusions to be made concerning the influence of different parameters for growing these α-quartz-type materials with different chemical compositions. The solubility of the material is the main parameter, which governs both thermodynamic parameters, P and T, of the crystal growth. Then, depending on the chemistry of the α-quartz-type phase, different parameters have to be considered with the aim of obtaining the basic building units (BBU) of the crystals in solution responsible for the growth of the α-quartz-type phase. A schematic method is proposed, based on the main parameter governing the crystal growth of the α-quartz phase. All of the crystal growth processes have been classified according to four routes: classical, solute-induced, seed-induced and solvent-induced crystal growth.

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Growth of germanium dioxide single crystals with Î±-quartz structure and investigation of their crystal structure, optical, elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric and mechanical properties

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

High‐Temperature Elastic Moduli of Flux‐Grown α‐GeO₂ Single Crystal

Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of Piezoelectric α-Quartz Phase of AO2 (A = Ge, Si) and MXO4 (M = Al, Ga, Fe and X = P, As): A Historical Overview

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Growth of germanium dioxide single crystals with Î±-quartz structure and investigation of their crystal structure, optical, elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric and mechanical properties

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

High‐Temperature Elastic Moduli of Flux‐Grown α‐GeO2 Single Crystal

Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of Piezoelectric α-Quartz Phase of AO2 (A = Ge, Si) and MXO4 (M = Al, Ga, Fe and X = P, As): A Historical Overview

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High‐Temperature Elastic Moduli of Flux‐Grown α‐GeO₂ Single Crystal